Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of

Chapter 1 of on building level principals' knowledge of special education law - Dissertation Example blame on the principals, it is, however, important to make sure that the authorities charged with such crucial decisions possess ample knowledge on the legal aspects of special education. Moreover, sound decisions in this regard can only be arrived at when the decision-maker is familiar with the pertinent laws on special education and has formal or any comparable educational background on special education law. A state-wide study, in this regard, will serve as an essential step towards a better understanding of school administrator’s level of proficiency in special education law. Such study will also shed light as to what interventions may be designed and implemented to see to it that the needs of students with disability can be better served, vis a vis the regular students, en route to the optimization of the academic potentials of both types of students. Background of the Study Historically, students with disabilities have not always been guaranteed access to education (Chur ch and Glaaser, 2010; Ebersold, 2011; Flexer, Baer, Luft & Simmons, 2008; Wearmouth, Glynn & Berryman, 2005). The 19th century saw the beginnings of public support for free public education through the passing of compulsory laws on education which allowed representation of both genders, different ages, socio-economic status, and cultural background. One of the most popular legal battles fought for equality in education was Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka) where Oliver Brown challenged and conquered racial segregations in American schools in 1954 (Miller, 2004). Yet, until the middle of the 1970s, individuals with disabilities did not benefit from the so-called free education. In 1972, a court ruling in Parc v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania had to decide that children suffering from... The main purpose of the ‘Chapter 1 of dissertation on building level principals' knowledge of special education law’ is to evaluate the level of proficiency of building level administrators in Pennsylvania of special education laws and look at possible factors which facilitate or deter their decision making on special education issues by way of a mixed methods design. An investigation of factors facilitating and hindering decision making will entail a profound analysis of the type and level of the administrators’ background in special education law; experience and confidence level in handling special education issues; and proficiency of basic special education law in terms of their perceptions on selected cases. The proposed study will adopt the input-process-output model as its theoretical framework grounded on Anderson and Arsenault who recognizes this paradigm for its simplicity simple and wide applicability to education research. In this study, inputs include: (1) the perceptions of building level administrators on selected issues covered in relevant special education laws in Pennsylvania; (2) information on the type and level of special education background among building level administrators; (3) self-reported experience of the building level administrators in handling special education issues in school; (4) self-reported confidence level of the building level administrators when handling special education cases; and (5) areas of greatest concern in special education law as self-reported by building level administrators in their disposition on relevant issues in school.

Carter Unsuccessful Re-Election 1980s Essay Example for Free

Carter Unsuccessful Re-Election 1980s Essay Why was Carter unsuccessful in his attempt to secure re-election in 1980? Jimmy Carter was the first elected President in half a century who failed to win a second term. His election in 1976 was set during the period of time when people had lost their faith in the presidency. After Nixon’s humiliation considering Watergate scandal and Ford’s simplistic and unenthusiastic govern, people were looking for someone outside Washington’s corruption. Carter seemed a perfect decision , governor of a small state, he appealed to people as the best solution. Nevertheless, as they got what they wanted it turned out to be wrong. They got a person from the outside that had no idea how Washington worked. People believed he was error prone and inexperienced. Carter soon became a joke and was criticized by the society that was not willing to give their votes for his re-election. Carter made several crucial mistakes during his power. From the beginning of his presidency he was accused of micro-management. This was one of his strategic errors, he tried to do too much too quickly and paid attention to small details forgetting the big picture and failing to grasp the complexity of the plans that he proposed. It is said that he managed the rota for the White House personally. An NSC member said: â€Å"If Carter saw a problem he wanted to solve it, and there was all there was to it – no prioritizations†. His short sight pushed the voters away. People were not eager to vote for someone who would get absorbed in small things, rather than looking at serious problems like inflation, which Carter had inherited. His other mistake was rejecting all the help, including Congress’s. Carter had originally run on an anti- Washington platform, of course that was the reason he got elected; nevertheless it is hard to run a country when you have tension between the President and Congress. Therefore Carter never developed a solid base of supporters on Capitol Hill. Speaker Tip O’Neil was willing to help, however Carter who said that he had been a governor and knew how to deal with legislation rejected his proposal. Carter’s poor communication with Congress got him nowhere. Carter failed to get cooperation from Congress to pass certain legislations, such as his energy program. Americans understood that a stubborn President wouldn’t bring any good to the country; Carter’s personal loyalties made voters doubt his wisdom and retrieve their votes for someone better. His other failure overshadowed everything that he has done as a president. The â€Å"Billygate† scandal had harmed Carters reputation and even lowered his chances of being re-elected. He won his first election in 1976 because people thought he was unaffected by Washington’s corruption, however this scandal highlighted Carters use of presidential power in his own benefit. Carter’s older brother Billy was a redneck; who, in July 1980, registered as a foreign agent and received a $220,000 loan from the Libyan government. It raised a political storm and later on through the investigation it was revealed that Carter used Billy’s Libyan contacts to free the Iranian hostages. President Carter was accused of nepotism however public decided that he was incompetent rather than corrupt but this scandal cost Carter his popularity rating and votes. Nonetheless, some of the negative events that occurred during Carters presidency were not his fault yet he got the blame. A first example would be the energy crises, which was beyond Carters control. Increase of car use, one harsh winter and poor relationship with Middle East were the reason for it, but still Carter was accused. Carter attempted to propose energy legislation, however Congress changed it beyond recognition. The only conclusion was to raise the price for the fuel but people were unwilling to go that far. Voters were unimpressed by the President’s handling of this situation, which soon got even worse and caused even more dissatisfaction from people. The second example is the economy, which was the problem throughout Carter’s presidency yet was a mere question of luck. He inherited inflation, unemployment and rising aging population. 63 per cent of the Americans believed that inflation was their greatest concern yet Carter was not managing it; only 32 per cent approved of his actions. The unemployment was rising to 8.2 million and businesses feared that Carter’s energy proposal would damage the industry. Carter did not know how to handle these types of situation; being all his life a governor of small Georgia he now faced a major crisis. Carter was at the top and therefore blamed, he was simply unlucky. Yet this blame and dissatisfaction cost him votes. Carter also displeased the voters with the way he handled foreign policy. As a President, Carter decided that it was morally right to give Panama Canal over to Panama. He did it with little resistance, which displeased voters and Congress. His other mistake was accepting 125,000 Cuban refugees who were dissatisfied with Communist regime, although March 1980 Refugee Act said that no more than 19,000 were allowed to enter. It was morally right to let the people in and perhaps he would have been accused if he closed the doors for them, yet politics sometimes tend to forget about moral rules in times of crisis. With inflation and unemployment, new citizens were only burdens and caused further disagreement with Carter’s way of running the country. His final concern that had taken all Carter’s attention until his last day as a President was the 60 American hostages in Iran. Many Americans felt powerless and 50 per cent of them thought Carter was too soft with Iran. Carter had a choice; either to take hostages back with violence or with negotiation. He chose a more diplomatic way not wanting to risk lives, however back than people disapproved of this act. When finally Carter agreed on the rescue mission, helicopters that were sent into Iran failed. Eight Americans died, one helicopter was lost in sand storm another failed and set the others on fire. Technical and weather problems were not Carter’s fault yet his failed rescue mission caused Carter’s defeat and helped Republican to use the hostage crisis for votes. The final reason for Carters defeat was his opposition. Ronald Reagan was underestimated by Carter, yet adored by the people. The way he presented himself was the way a true President had to be. His lighthearted jokes and charisma made him come across warmer to voters than Carter. Reagan’s rhetorical question â€Å"is America better off than it was four years ago?† was highly effective and the polls showed that he won the debate. Back in 1980, people believed that Carter was one of the worst presidents they had, yet as the years past people began to justify his acts. He was not great but he did what he could, he was just unlucky. His failures were because Washington was unknown to him and he did things how he usually used to do the back in his state. His big mistake was â€Å"Billygate† and economical crisis, which was not under his control. Reagan compared to Carter presented a true picture of successful presidency. Unfortunately Carter was not what people wanted and some of his failed actions cost him his re-election.

Ulrich Becks Theory Of World Risk Society Criminology Essay

Ulrich Becks Theory Of World Risk Society Criminology Essay This essay seeks to study the explanation of the September 11 attacks through the key concepts of the World Risk Society. It will analyse how the presence of risks in the contemporary society, is driving the governments towards the incessant development of technologies and other sophisticated security systems in order to make their States more secure. However, the issue under discussion is that, is this tendency to get feign control over the uncontrollable(Beck U; The Terrorist Threat; p 41); which is the central point of the world risk society, further adding to or leading to problems. Is this presence of the future in the contemporary society in a way leading to a security paradox? To put it in the words of Keith Spence in World risk society and War against terror, Both domestically in the guise of Homeland Security, and in military engagements elsewhere, the pursuit of war against terror inevitably compounds and reproduces the conditions and anxieties that it purports to address. To deal with these questions, the essay will start with the elucidation of the World Risk Society Theory as conceptualized by Ulrich Beck. Moving further, the essay would discuss the underlying assumptions of risks that are at the ground level of the counter terrorism policies adopted by the World today. Taking the case study of War on Terror and the pre emptive actions adopted by the US administration, it will analyse how safer is the World with the adoption of such polices? Did the zero risk policies and the constant process of modernization help US or made it more vulnerable to such attacks, in other words, made it more insecure? World Risk Society: Calculating the Incalculable Thinking of contemporary terrorism in the context of Becks theory of Risk Society, it can be defined as de-bounded uncontrollable risk characterised by a well connected structure, a continuous potential threat and difficult to trace to a single source. Beck introduces the concept of risk as a modern concept that presumes decision making. He further explains that as soon as we speak in terms of risk, we are talking about calculating the incalculable, colonizing the future. Beck emphasises on the fact that Risk Society has not arisen because of the presence of one or the other threats or dangers in everyday life but because of the de bounding of uncontrollable risks. According to him, de bounding has three distinct dimensions, i.e. Spatial, Temporal and Social Dimensions. By spatial dimension he implies risks or dangers that are not bounded by the nation state boundaries. The Temporal dimension signifies the long term dangers and finally the social dimension implies that the root of the problem cannot be traced back to a single agent, for instance, for problem of global terrorism, we cannot single out a country or an individual or group and blame it responsible for all terror networks. In the words of Beck, Uncontrollable risks must be understood as not being linked to place, that is they are difficult to impute to a particular agent and can hardly be controlled on the level of the nation state. Ulrich Beck further explains that in the World Risk Society with the central problem of how to feign control over the uncontrollable, have three axes of conflict ecological conflict, global financial crises and global terror. To say that the risk is global is not to suggest that everyone would be equally affected. It implies that the risks are unequally distributed; it might cause damage to different countries differently depending on the cultural and political variations. However, even if it affects everyone unequally but the truth, as Beck says, is that it affects everyone. And thus there exists a global problem for which a global solution must be found. This is where the global co-operation fits the picture. In his theory, terror seems to be the midpoint of interaction between other two axes of conflict. The development in technology and the increase in flow of money, in one way or the other increases the extent of the threat from the dark World of terror.( Beck U., The Terrorist Threat, p. 45) A distinction can be made between ecological and financial conflicts on one hand and global terror risks on the other hand. As Beck explains, ecological and financial conflicts are the unintentional side effects that come attached with the production of goods which in turn are the results of the central decisions taken by society. Explicating the shift from accident to intention, Beck concentrates on the axis of global terror. He describes terrorism as an intentionally bad (Beck U., The Terrorist Threat, p. 44) activity which leads to a negative situation that the other axes of conflicts produce unintentionally. This change of accident in the industrial society to intention in the modern society is followed by a further replacement of active trust to active mistrust. As the terrorist threat highlights mistrust and multiplies the risks, it weakens the relationship between the fellow citizens, foreigners and governments. After looking at these characteristics of the Risk Society, it becomes quite easy to understand the basis on which pre emptive intervention policies, detentions and profiling are justified. As Kessler O. And Werner W put it in Extrajudicial Killing as Risk Management, it is justified in the face of rowdiness and unpredictability of the modern terrorist. Also, after the attacks of September 11, the whole World very well accepts the fact that the terror world today has access to all technologically advanced weapons and thus has the capability to harm more people and spread more fear and panic amongst people. The features of the modern terrorism fit the framework of the risk society. Beck suggests that in the World Risk Society, it is increasingly becoming impossible for the States to protect the security of its citizens in the growing atmosphere of multiplying risks and active mistrust. The solution to the global problems of terror, ecological and financial conflicts lies in transnational co-operation. As he admits, this leads to a paradoxical situation for the nation states as in order to further accomplish their national interests, they need to denationalize themselves. The global coalition against terror stands a witness to it. In order to uphold their constitutional promise of protecting the life of their citizens, in this situation specifically from the terror threats, the nation states came together to fight a war against the terror world. this can be attributed to the fact that it isnt possible for nay country to fight the vast networks of terrorism, spread across the world, all alone. Even the superpower like US, which is most developed technologically a nd financially, had to call for the support of the other nations in order to wage the war on terror. Even though as a leader of global coalition it had to make certain policy compromises, nevertheless it went ahead to uphold its constitutional promise. It is shift from accident to intention that is the basis of all the counter terrorism policies. The process of profiling and indefinite detentions has been justified on the grounds of intention. The government has started judging the people on the basis of intention. To quote Mythen and Walklate from Terrorism, Risk and International Security government has taken more restrictive and invasive steps so that it can create an order that can tame the dangers to the detriment of people. Analysing 9/11 and the policies thereafter through the risk society perspective: Precautionary policies and the National security in the wake of New terrorism Responsible Science and responsible policymaking operate on the precautionary principle. Tony Blair (2002) The policies used to approach the global problem of terror are dictated by the logic of risk management. The novelty of this approach, as Keith Spence puts it in World Risk Society and War on Terror, lies in the adoption of pre emptive approach. The adoption of pre emptive approach as a precautionary principle can be described as being based on four interrelated assumptions put forth by Claudia Aradau Van Munster in Governing Terrorism through Risk: Taking Precautions, zero risk, worst case scenario, shifting the burden of proof and serious and irreversible damage. It is the worst case scenario and the thought of irreversible damage that drives the government to adopt zero risk policies. When struck with the 9/11 attacks, it was the thought of further irreversible damage that made the Bush administration come up with the pre emptive policy and the following invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq as States breeding terrorism. The pre emptive approach reminds us of the Henry Kissingers observation that the desire of one power for absolute security means absolute insecurity for all the others (Kissinger, 1961, p. 148; 1964, p. 2). The conduct and outcomes of such acts are not unpredictable but uncontrollable as well. The pre emptive approach adopted to fight terror spread more fear than it actually tackled due to the presence of uncertainty and unpredictability. In the words of Keith Spence, In leveraging sentiments of uncertainty amongst target populations, pre emption like all mechanisms of terror, enlarges the impact of aggression, provoking fear that permeates the culture thereby constituted and reproduced. (World Risk Society and the War on Terror, P.289) The process of pre-emption follows the logic of absolute security. The adoption of pre emption undermined the UN laws and norms that supported use of force only under situations that justified self defence against actual threat.( Annan, K. (2003); Secretary-Generals address to the General Assembly; New York, 23 September 2003.) The pre emption approach on the other hand worked on the principle of eradicating possible threats. To quote Bush from Remarks at West Point: New Threats Require New Thinking, to wait for the threats to materialize would mean that we would have waited too long. The idea of the eradication of potential threats in order to provide absolute security are all significant features of a catastrophic society as explained by Ulrich Beck in the theory of Risk society. The approach adopted, do not disappoint on the point of global solutions to the problems of terror. The solution that it provides again falls in the line of thought of Becks Wold Risk Society by abandoning the conventional norms of time, space and restraint. (Spence, Keith; World risk Society and the War on Terror; p 289) The stated objective of the War on Terror, as stated by George W. Bush in the Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People on 4th of July, will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated cannot be satiated. Instead the approach of the administration leads to the development of more such networks than it actually eradicates. Egyptian President Hosni Mubaraks has aptly remarked in context of the Operation Iraqi Freedom, that instead of having one bin Laden, we will have 100 as a consequence of Operation undertaken.( Black, Ian and McGreal, Chris (2003) Conflict will create 100 bin Ladens, warns Egyptian president, The Guardian, 1 April, p. 4.) The manner in which the US conducts its response to terror would only lead to multiplication of terror networks rather than its eradication. The fact that the initial steps of the policy adoption actually led to the growth of the terror activities in North and East Africa, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, the Indian subject-continent and the wider Gulf Region brings to the fore Kissingers cautionary observation of absolute security. Security measures as a part of precautionary principle: Homeland Security The practices undertaken to fight away the terrorist networks under the label war on terror are too vast and discursive to fit into the framework of any theory. From Guantanamo Bay to biometrics and increased surveillance, or from extraordinary rendition to the categorisation of terrorist suspects as enemy combatants, the war on terror has regimented a whole series of practices that showcase the reaction to precautionary risk. (Aradau and Van Munster, 2007; Governing Terrorism through Risk: taking precautions, (un)knowing the future; European Journal of International Relations; Vol. 13, No. 1, 89-115) As a result of the terror attacks, US post the announcement of War on Terror, took a lot of steps in order to be prepared to shield the country from any unpredictable, unknown but inevitable situation. The website www.ready.gov created by the department of Homeland Security is another source for informing the people and preparing America for any emergency. The site discusses the campaign Ready which aims at educating and empowering the Americans to deal with any situation of emergency including natural and man-made disasters. (http://www.ready.gov/america/about/index.html) The Website states Be ready! and carefully places a quote from the founding secretary Tom Ridge, claiming terrorism forces us to make a choice. We can be afraid or we can be prepared! The website goes to the extent of stating three simple steps get the emergency kit, formulate a family emergency plan and be informed to rescue oneself or at least be prepared to face the emergency situation. It warns the people abo ut emergencies that can range from inconvenient to devastating and aims at empowering them by preparing them in advance. The department aims at preparing the people to fight the emergency but what exactly will be the emergency is unknown, the only surety about the unsure situation is its inevitability. The site puts in to place the key mechanism of the catastrophic society which makes the state of emergency institutionally established as a norm. (Spence, Keith; p 291). The states have marked emergencies from green to red and make sure that the drills take place regularly. As Keith Spence rightly remarks, the frenzy created by these drills and the supplementary activities leads to a persistent feeling of anxiety which is further responsible for a feeling of uneasiness and discomfort. (p.293) The adoption of the pre cautionary principle has led to a time where it is not the state which has to prove but the individual has to prove that he/she is innocent. Under such a precautionary principle, the people irrespective of the fact that they are innocent or victim, they are guilty unless proven innocent. To quote Keith Spence from World risk society and War on Terror, Neither the conduct nor outcomes of such acts are fully predictable or controllable, and as war and terror overlap and blur so too do distinctions separating civilian from combatant, collateral from non-collateral, and innocent from other victims. (p. 289) Ardau and Van Munster aptly remark, Among the technologies used to avoid a catastrophic future, war is just one. The war on terror or the consequent war of Afghanistan and Iraq do not speak of a recent rediscovery of militarism, but of a govern mentality that activates all the technologies imaginable in the face of uncertainty. There is an interesting similarity between Homeland and Fatherland. As Keith Spence points out the Jacobin Terror which was anticipated by the declaration of Fatherland in danger on 11th July 1972 was the starting point for the nation state to assert its control and authority. In 1973 when the Committee of public safety was constituted and succeeded the Committee of Vigilance (Spence; p. 291), Danton proclaimed, Let us be terrible so that the people will not have to be. One cannot help but agree with T. Ridge (2003) when he remarks that if War on Terror has been announced for peace then Homeland Security is just another name for the vigilance committee and has been formed in the name of freedom. As Helene Guldberg puts it in Challenging the Precautionary Principle, to take regulatory action on the basis of possible unmanageable risks, even after tests have been conducted that find no evidence of harm. We are asked to make decisions to curb actions, not on the basis of what we know, but on the basis of what we do not know Biometrics: As Ardau and Van Munster put it in Governing Terrorism through risk: taking precautions, unknowing the future, 9/11 has given way to more pro-active forms of surveillance of suspect populations, leading to a surplus supply of data and an over-prediction of threats. To quote Aas K. F from The body does not lie: Identity, risk and trust in technoculture, in a globalised and anonymous world, where almost everyone can afford to cross the closest borders, biological identification seems to be the best solution for states to verify peoples identity. Biometrics is simply the measurement of the most unique parts of a humans body i.e. the iris, the fingerprints, retinas, gait and voice. Application of biometrics in the field of security is just significant of the increasing trend of securitization of identity. The basic principle behind the biometrics is, as Aas puts it inThe body, to eliminate bad by keeping away undesired people. The US VISIT programme showcases the advanced and complex system of biometrics govern mentality i.e. a system of categorizing a person as legitimate or illegitimate with the support of technology collecting data biometric information of the human bodies. The case of Guantanamo Bay: As Keith Spence puts it in World Risk society and War on Terror, apart from the invasion of Iraq the archaic excess is prominently elaborated at Guantanamo Bay, where deterritorialization and pre-emption are materialized in a legally determined limbo beyond the reach of civil and international law. (p 291) Guantanamo existence as a state of exception was made clear by the condition of the detainees of Gauntanamo. As Giorgio Agamben seeks to explain, The detainees of Guantanamo are subject to raw power and have no legal existence.( Agamben G. And Raulff U.; (2004) Interview with Giorgio Agamben Life, A Work of Art Without an Author: The State of Exception, the Administration of Disorder and Private Life, German Law Journal) Implication of the risk perspective to the camp exemplifies dealing with an unrestricted risk in the spatial category. The Guantanamo Bay detention camp has been placed outside the regular US legal jurisdiction but it is not fully immune for this order. . To this extent, C. Ardau in Law Transformed remarks, The Guantanamo bay camp perfectly embodies the necessity of defining a new form of war, which breaks the habits of all previous sets. Guantanamo Bay stands as a perfect example of the aftermath of the conditions resulting from the implication of the precautionary logic of controlling the future in other words tackling something that is uncertain and unknown of. Even though Gauntanamo has resulted in making modern day terrorism as a novelty nevertheless it cannot be tagged as a place without any regulations. To put it in the words of C. Ardau, it has resulted in the creation of a place ruled by the dominant principle of governing the social and taming the future. US itself has become a source of violence it wanted to fight by adopting the harsh policies to fight to it and Guantanamo Bay is just one example of this. The thought of taking over terrorism with the principle of pre-empt rather than dealing with risk often leads to a vicious circle by giving way to exactly what it had wished to extinguish. War against terror and the precautionary steps taken thereafter is symbolic of this phenomenon. Conclusion: To quote Ulrich Beck, September 11 drove home the lesson that we now live in a risk society, a society in which there are uncontrollable and unpredictable dangers against which insurance is impossible and where questions of compensation, liability and harm minimization have lost all their social and political significance. The policies adopted and the measures taken post the attacks of 9/11 just makes this quote a lot more acceptable and suitable to the present situation. Even after taking the precautionary steps and becoming increasingly ready by employing latest technologies for uncertain but inevitable emergency situations, US has not only made itself more vulnerable to such attacks but in a way has helped the terror world to spread across its message of fear and panic. The new technologies employed for security purposes are just new challenges posed in front of the terrorist. They might learn to overtake it in a while. The question that arises then is What steps will US take then? It is really a vicious circle the more it will try to secure itself, the more insecure it will become!

Management of a 40 Acre Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Stand in Southern Michigan for Sustained Production of Sawtimber. :: Ecology Sugar Maple Trees Essays

Management of a 40 Acre Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum) Stand in Southern Michigan for Sustained Production of Sawtimber Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a hard maple used primarily for its lumber and sap. In fact, 9% of the hardwood sawtimber volume in the U.S. comes from this species (5). My client would like to begin extracting sawtimber from her 40 acre maple-dominated stand that has been unmanaged to this point. She sees a market for her sawtimber in the regional flooring industry, but would also like to manage for sustained yield. The sugar maple needs a cool, moist climate in which to grow, and my client ¡Ã‚ ¯s stand in southern Michigan is well within its natural range. The Lake States in general have the following habitat characteristics optimal for the sugar maple (5): . temperatures averaging 00 to 600 F, . precipitation averaging 15 (west) to 40 (east) inches per year, . a growing season of 80 to 260 days, . well-drained, loam soils, . elevations up to 1,600 ft., and . associated Beech, Basswood, Yellow Birch, and Red Spruce trees. Under these conditions, the sugar maple is commonly the dominant species, because it is so shade tolerant. Its seedlings are aggressive under the canopy ¡Ã‚ ¯s shade and restrict the establishment of other species (11). Natural sugar maple regeneration is typically sufficient for this reason, and the selection harvesting system is commonly chosen. I will now describe characteristics of various sugar maple growth stages, beginning with the seed stage. Seed The sugar maple is a very prolific seed producer. It produces a good seed crop every two to five years and can disperse 8.56 million samaras per acre in a virgin stand or 4.3 million in a selectively cut stand during an exceptional year (5). This is a large number, but only about 1 in 100 of these seeds will reach the seedling stage because of mortality, predation, competition, and the very low light levels in a sugar maple stand. Artificial regenerative measures are usually unnecessary in places such as the Lake States where the sugar maple grows naturally. A sugar maple tree begins seed production between the ages of 40 and 60, with the best seed coming near ages 70 to 100 (9). My client ¡Ã‚ ¯s stand should be producing adequate seed, as the oldest age class is over 100 years old. The seed that is produced has a high germination capacity of 95% (5).

Good and Bad Teachers Essay

I would like to say that I did have some bad teachers and some good ones. I would like to start with the good teachers I had in the past and the ones I have now. I had about 5 good teachers in the past that were very good to me and my class. Those teachers were good because they would give us parties every time the whole class gets an A. They would give us free time when we needed it, they would let us play bingo beside on the lesson we were having). I gave about 6 good teachers this year, well so far they are good to me and the class. Of course you are one of them although I only get to talk to you on Thursdays and Mondays, but because you let me do something’s over I would say that you are a good teacher, well online teacher, but let’s get back to school teachers the other 5 are good because they know when to give us tests and quizzes, but there is one in particular that is already planning a part for when we finish the part of a book were taking. The others are also good because the give us what we need and want. Now I will talk about the bad teachers. In the past I had 4 bad teachers, I am not that type of person that likes to point figures but here it goes, I think that they are bad because they give us too much work for our little hands to take care of and all day is work and work. They did not like it when we said something wrong they would put us outside of the class and if that did not work then they would literally tape on our mouth, but lucky me I never talked during that teacher’s period so that never happened put to me. This year I have 3 bad teachers, I think that they are bad because every time the WHOLE class fails that teacher blames it on the students and some of us tell that teacher that it is not our fault, if the whole class failed that means that, that teacher did not teach us very good or the test was not based on what teacher had thought us. I know that is not a nice thing to do to us as students. The other teachers they either just over do it with classwork and homework. I know what you are thing Ms. Harvard we need that work, and I could not agree more with you but these teachers just give us the unneeded things.

Tiger Facts

Tiger Facts Tigers (Panthera tigris) are the largest and most powerful of all cats. They are extremely agile despite their large size. Tigers are capable of leaping 26 to 32 feet in a single bound. They are also among the most recognizable of cats due to their distinct orange coat, black stripes, and white markings.   Tigers are native to South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East, though their habitat and numbers have dwindled rapidly. Fast Facts: Tiger Scientific Name: Panthera tigrisCommon Name: TigerBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 3–3.5 feet tall at shoulders, 4.6–9.2 feet long including head and body, 2–3 feet tail lengthWeight: 220–675 pounds depending on sub-species and genderLifespan: 10–15 yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  South and Southeast Asia, China and the Russian Far East.Population:  3,000–4,500  Conservation  Status:  Endangered Description Tigers vary in color, size, and markings according to their subspecies. Bengal tigers, which inhabit the forests of India, have the quintessential tiger appearance, with a dark orange coat, black stripes, and a white underbelly. Siberian tigers, the largest of all the tiger subspecies, are lighter in color and have a thicker coat that enables them to brave the harsh, cold temperatures of the Russian taiga. Gannet77/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Tigers historically occupied a range that stretched from the eastern part of Turkey to the Tibetan plateau, Manchuria and the Sea of Okhotsk. Today, tigers occupy only about seven percent of their former range. More than half of the remaining wild tigers live in the forests of India. Smaller populations remain in China, Russia, and parts of Southeast Asia. Tigers inhabit a wide range of habitats such as lowland evergreen forests, taiga, grasslands, tropical forests, and mangrove swamps. They generally require habitat with covers such as forests or grasslands, water resources, and enough territory to support their prey. Diet Tigers are carnivores. They are nocturnal hunters that feed on large prey such as deer, cattle, wild pigs, rhinoceroses, and elephants. They also supplement their diet with smaller prey such as birds, monkeys, fish, and reptiles. Tigers also feed on carrion. Behavior Tigers are solitary, territorial cats. They occupy a home range that is generally between 200 and 1000 square kilometers. Females occupying smaller home ranges than males. Tigers often create several dens within their territory. They are not water-fearing cats; in fact, they are adept swimmers capable of crossing moderately sized rivers. As a result, water rarely poses a barrier to them. Tigers are among only four species of great cats that are capable of roaring. Reproduction and Offspring Tigers reproduce sexually. Although they are known to mate year-round, breeding usually peaks between November and April. Their gestation period is 16 weeks. A litter usually consists of between three to four cubs which are raised alone by the mother; the father plays no role in the upbringing. Tiger cubs generally leave their den with their mother at about 8 weeks old and are independent at 18 months. They stay with their mothers, however, for over two years. 4FR/Getty Images Conservation Status Tigers are listed as an endangered species. Fewer than 3,200 tigers remain in the wild. More than half of those tigers live in the forests of India. The primary threats facing tigers include poaching, habitat loss, dwindling prey populations. Although protected areas have been established for tigers, illegal killings still take place mainly for their skins and use in traditional Chinese medical practices. Although most of their historical range has been destroyed, research suggests tigers living in the Indian sub-continent are still genetically strong. This indicates that, with appropriate conservation and protection in place, tigers do have the capacity to rebound as a species. In India, it is illegal to shoot tigers or trade in their skins or other body parts. Subspecies There are five subspecies of tigers alive today and every one of these subspecies is classified as endangered. The five subspecies of tigers include Siberian tigers, Bengal tigers, Indochinese tigers, South China tigers, and Sumatran tigers. There are also three additional subspecies of tigers that have gone extinct during the past sixty years. The extinct subspecies include Caspian tigers, Javan tigers,  and Bali tigers. Tigers and Humans Human beings have been fascinated by tigers for millennia. Tiger images first appeared as a cultural symbol nearly 5,000 years ago in the area now known as Pakistan. Tigers were part of the games in the Roman Colosseum.While tigers can and will attack a human being if they are threatened or unable to find food elsewhere, tiger attacks are relatively rare. Most man-eating tigers are older or incapacitated, and thus unable to chase down or overpower larger prey. Evolution Modern cats first appeared about 10.8 million years ago. The ancestors of tigers, along with those of jaguars, leopards, lions, snow leopards, and clouded leopards, split off from the other ancestral cat lineages early in the evolution of the cat family and today form what is known as the Panthera lineage. Tigers shared a common ancestor with snow leopards that lived about 840,000 years ago. Sources â€Å"Basic Facts About Tigers.†Ã‚  Defenders of Wildlife, 10 Jan. 2019, defenders.org/tiger/basic-facts.â€Å"Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 2 Aug. 2015, www.nationalgeographic.com.au/animals/tiger-facts.aspx.â€Å"Where Do Tigers Live? And Other Tiger Facts.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund.

Free Essays on Kizers Widow In Wintertime

Modern poetry midterm The poem I chose was Carolyn Kizer’s â€Å"Widow in Wintertime† seeing as it was the only one I even mildly understood. But for the poor reader who has to read this I am sorry if I totally miss the point that was expressed by the author. This is only my limited view on the piece. Though I did like this piece the most out of the other works there was something raw about the writing style. Something that was not expected from the first few lines. â€Å"Last night a baby gargled in the throes of a fatal spasm. My children are all grown past infant strangles; so, reassured, I knew some other baby perished in the snow. But no. The cat was making love again†. The first five lines talk about a child dying and the persona knowing that it is not her child for they had all grown up. So the persona thought that someone else’s baby was dying in the snow. â€Å"But no. The cat was making love again.† â€Å"Later, I went down and let her in. She hung her tail, flagging from her sins. Though she’d eaten, I forked out another dinner, being myself hungry all ways, and thin from metaphysic famines she knows nothing of†. The second stanza speaks of the cat proudly â€Å"flagging† her tail, but this is where the persona combines the literal world with the world in her mind. The persona feeds the cat hoping to feed the metaphysic hunger inside of her even though the cat has already eaten. â€Å"The freckles beast! Even so, resemblances were on my mind: female and feline, though she preens herself from satisfaction, and does not mind lying even in the snow. She is lofty and bedraggled, without need to choose.† The third stanza starts off with the persona comparing herself to the cat â€Å"female and feline† and from this point on I think that the cat and herself are in fact different aspect of the persona. She is projecting onto this cat things, that she may have don in her youth. Possibly projecting her youthful self o... Free Essays on Kizer's Widow In Wintertime Free Essays on Kizer's Widow In Wintertime Modern poetry midterm The poem I chose was Carolyn Kizer’s â€Å"Widow in Wintertime† seeing as it was the only one I even mildly understood. But for the poor reader who has to read this I am sorry if I totally miss the point that was expressed by the author. This is only my limited view on the piece. Though I did like this piece the most out of the other works there was something raw about the writing style. Something that was not expected from the first few lines. â€Å"Last night a baby gargled in the throes of a fatal spasm. My children are all grown past infant strangles; so, reassured, I knew some other baby perished in the snow. But no. The cat was making love again†. The first five lines talk about a child dying and the persona knowing that it is not her child for they had all grown up. So the persona thought that someone else’s baby was dying in the snow. â€Å"But no. The cat was making love again.† â€Å"Later, I went down and let her in. She hung her tail, flagging from her sins. Though she’d eaten, I forked out another dinner, being myself hungry all ways, and thin from metaphysic famines she knows nothing of†. The second stanza speaks of the cat proudly â€Å"flagging† her tail, but this is where the persona combines the literal world with the world in her mind. The persona feeds the cat hoping to feed the metaphysic hunger inside of her even though the cat has already eaten. â€Å"The freckles beast! Even so, resemblances were on my mind: female and feline, though she preens herself from satisfaction, and does not mind lying even in the snow. She is lofty and bedraggled, without need to choose.† The third stanza starts off with the persona comparing herself to the cat â€Å"female and feline† and from this point on I think that the cat and herself are in fact different aspect of the persona. She is projecting onto this cat things, that she may have don in her youth. Possibly projecting her youthful self o...

The impact of technology on families and communities essays

The impact of technology on families and communities essays Discuss the impact of social, legal and technological change on individuals, groups, families and Communities As time moves on so does humanity and society we adapt and change as new knowledge and understanding is presented to us in different forms such as technologies, laws and social views all impacting on us within our homes and within our communities. Technology gets more and more advanced everyday its designed to entertain help and study humans it affects almost every aspect of the average persons life in one way or another wether that be machines in the work place the home computer or the knew technology that helps save lifes. Since the Industrial revolution which first occurred in Europe in the 1700s factories all around the world became involved with the new technology of the machine which in many ways replaced the manual human workers designed to help increase effiency and cost which has helped many companies consumers and workers and also buried some with jobs being replaced and people being put out of work which became increasingly the case with the introduction of computers with multiple task capabilities it could fill the job and effency of several workers. This effected society and communities drastically with unemployment levels soaring these levels decreased but the impact is still seen today with fewer jobs to go round. It hasnt all been negative though its also opened up paths for people who want to carry out a career with in technology such as IT workers etc and with a computer now in many homes schools and workplaces public understanding of technology has expanded and adapted to the changes with computers and machines being essential to run many business and carry out the day to day tasks we take for granted. Technology has also helped increase communication between nations, communities and individuals that once would not have been as easily accomplished; the internet has provided communicat...

Philosophical Martial Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophical Martial Arts - Essay Example Vertonghen and Theeboom (2010) emphasize that what many people hold concerning martial arts is misleading. The report summarizes the points against such beliefs as originating from the media prejudices. The media houses are responsible for having distorted the value and image of martial arts among the people (Vertonghen & Theeboom, 2010). As a result, there are generalized perceptions that those involved in the practice end up acquiring anti-social characters. Despite the negativity, which martial arts receive, there are those who have dual opinions. Some view the art as providing those involved in it a chance to learn, especially the youth. Vertonghen and Theeboom (2010) argue that the art is one of the topics for European Secondary schools because it gives the learners an opportunity to acquire new things. Some other parties do not understand their involvement in the sport. Vertonghen and Theeboom (2010) use analysis of research findings to demonstrate the perceptions of the people concerning the practice. A great part of the study focused on the physiological relationships of martial arts and its participants. The studies indicate that the practice was more prevalent among vulnerable youths. Many of these youths engaged in the practice because they expected to change some social traits for personal development. Participants developed positive qualities such as an increased level of physiological well-being and a decrease in the levels of violence. The article suggests that the negative opinions held by some people do not have proof (Vertonghen & Theeboom, 2010). I had never imagined that martial arts have an effect of improving the character of participants. Based on my viewpoint, the only benefits of the practice according are physical fitness and as a sport. I did not imagine that the practice could have physiological importance such as reducing aggressiveness. I discovered that there are some countries around the globe, which have

Yanamano Culture as Portrayed by Chagnon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Yanamano Culture as Portrayed by Chagnon - Essay Example Anybody carrying out any study on societies should focus on the positive more than the negative side of the society. Chignon displays the Yanomami society as fierce, primitive, and violent while Sponsel sees it in another way.   The Yanomami live in Venezuela and Brazil, are full of conflict and aggression, and considered as one of the most violent tribes in the world. The tribe is also primitive in many ways as they do not wear clothes â€Å"†¦when you are stark naked, and the invention of the handkerchief is millennia away" (Chagnon 13). Chignon portrayed the Yanomami people as one of the largest society living in their traditional norms especially the organized warfare. Chagnon characterizes the tribe as fierce people amongst themselves although a number of anthropologists have disputed Chignon’s portrayal of the tribe. The tribe according to Chagnon is sly, and intimidating. For instance, when Yanomamo learned a new vocabulary â€Å"Oh shit† and later understood its offensive meaningâ€Å" they used it as often as they could in their presence" (Chignon 14). One form of violence is the duels that are ritualized among the people and can be interpersonal or inter-village with many r ituals governed by well-set rules. For instance, in the cases of physical duels to people hit each other many times until one of them retreats or collapses. The fight may involve chest pounding with fists, slapping with an open hand, or by using some weapons such as wooden clubs or long poles. Duels are mainly for resolving conflicts and sometimes act as sports like any other culture where people practice boxing. Some of the fights are due to infidelity, and jealousy. The other form of violence portrayed by Chagnon is a raid where several men waylay an enemy at dawn as he walks out from the Shabono going for a bath or elimination. The raid results in death and sometimes a massacre of ten or more people before the raiders retreat to their homes.

Tourism Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tourism Master - Assignment Example Like in any other country, heritage tourism in USA is advancing in huge strides for the last one or two decades now, and Government has realised the importance of promoting tourism in rural America, and here, heritage and cultural tourism have been given more importance. Tourism has become today, one of the biggest industries in the world and has proved beneficial in many ways. USA has decided to showcase its immensely rich heritage, mainly of Native Americans, less of immigrants who occupy the whole of America today. Heritage tourism also covers historical conflicts, fight for freedom, wars for freedom, fight for civil rights and the resulting battles that have left inerasable footprints on sand of time. Today's tourism can never exist without preservation, which has become the most pertinent issue all over the planet. USA, a huge country with unlimited possibilities, is today encouraging heritage tourism while carefully preserving its own innumerable heritage sites, mainly that of Native Indians.Eco Tourism and Sustainable Tourism, though almost identical, are not the same. Eco Tourism is more about the nature, its preservation, whereas sustainable tourism is about nature, but about the living beings on the particular land and is of the opinion that tourism should help the locals, while retaining the planet's pristine garb as clean as possible. On 7th October 2003, WITC came out with the Blue print of New Tourism. "The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) today revealed its Blueprint for New Tourism, which issues a call to action for both government and the industry to make several long-term commitments to ensure the prosperity of Travel & Tourism - one of the world's largest industries, responsible for 200m jobs and over 10% of global GDP1". In heritage tours, areas with extreme environmental threat have to be avoided. Sustainable tourism argues that local community should be financially benefited, so that, they take the initiative of preserving the environmental sensitivities and fragile areas of biodiversities. It has to be seen that economic requirement should not override environmental concerns. Proper guidelines have to be formed on how the nature parks and heritage sites and wildlife sanctuaries have to be preserved. American tourism calls for awakening our senses to natural beauty and national heritage. Amazing heritage sites also offer well-planned, thrilling holidays, because for some tourists, unmixed heritage tours could be dull and uneventful. Wildlife has firmly become part of all tourisms including heritage and cultural tourisms. CASE STUDY: TOURISM IN UTAH, ITS HISTORY AND ATTRACTIONS: Utah, one of the prominent states in USA has been chosen for the case study, as this State is perhaps the best State capable of showing the most vivid kaleidoscope of America's heritage. The State is divided into: Mining County, Carbon/Emery County, Salt Lake County, Summit County, Tooele County, Utah County, Central Utah, Eastern Utah, Southern Utah, mainly depending on its vibrant and violent background. http://history.utah.gov/mining_heritage_alliance/miningmap.html Utah has a population density of 21 people per square mile, (increased at the rate of 15% since 1982), and with a developed land increase of 24% between 1982 and 19922 and this has resulted in 30% loss of wetlands since 1780 and it is the home of 38 threatened and endangered species. For outdoor enthusiasts there is no better place than Utah to ski or snowboard, mountain biking or white water rafting, or to visit the legendary Old West, with all its hidden and trapped glories and fables, who, unfortunately

Research Metohd proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Metohd proposal - Essay Example As more countries around the world become globalized, offering tourism packages to multitudes of diverse foreign visitors, competition continues to become intense requiring a new focus in order to sustain competitive edge and build growth strategically. However, outside of these generic business principles is a new type of focus as a method of building a more solid brand: corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR involves the activities of senior managers and the entire organisational staff to improve relationships with the domestic community and even international customers and citizens by promoting concepts of trustworthiness, ethical programming and diversity (as several examples). Corporate social responsibility includes multiple dimensions of moral principles that must be promoted so that diverse customers recognise that the hospitality business is accountable for their actions and makes sensible business decisions. The impact of CSR includes higher stakeholder and shareholder support if they are coordinated and implemented according to social needs. CSR has become more of a strategic function in order to bring the hospitality business better publicity and improve the quality of life of customers and general society. Literature review â€Å"A firm’s corporate image and reputation is an important strategic asset and marketing tool that can lead to a competitive advantage† (Gray & Balmer, 1998, p.695). This is one of the main elements that drive new focus on CSR, so that the business maintains a quality brand identity among customer groups, shareholder groups, and the general public population. Even though the end result of most CSR efforts lead to sustainable improvements in society, the impact on business can be maintaining an edge over competition that does not necessarily focus on corporate social responsibility as a strategic foundation. â€Å"Business operations are undeniably linked with trust-building in the local community population where the operation is based† (wcdr.gfdr.org, 2007, p.4). This is highly important in hotel organisations as they cater to the local community with their service offerings as well as international clients hailing from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the literature proposes that there must be a localized effort in CSR in order to build this needed trust for brand reputation purposes and to sustain a competitive edge. There are many avenues of building this trust such as through marketing, sustainability programmes, or even volunteerism in a variety of community-based programmes. According to Kline & Dai (2005) businesses that include CSR initiatives in their strategic objectives have been known to witness improved share prices, build better national image and increase employee productivity. Why is this? â€Å"Human beings are essential to service production. They are sensitive and reflect upon their experiences, responding to inner feelings and individual interpretat ions† (Sandoff, 2005, p.530). In the hotel environment, employees are the initial and ongoing point of contact for diverse customers, sometimes hailing from around the world, and therefore become a resource for information and support throughout the service experience. The hotel relies on their professionalism, loyalty and strong focus toward meeting customer needs in order to sustain a better

Google Adwords Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Strategic management as science Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management as science - Case Study Example The report highlights differentiation strategies through marketing, the role of internal business culture, and a variety of methodologies which contribute to successful business strategy. The evidence would seem to suggest that strategic management is more of a science than an art. Michael Porter, a renowned strategic business expert, discusses his Five Forces model which recognises a variety of external forces which can significantly impact business direction. From a competitive viewpoint, this model suggests that the threat of substitute products can impact sales and growth success (Quickmba.com, 2008). Substitute products represent similar product offerings in similar marketplaces which can detract from sales success simply due to these products creating excess competition in a firm's market environment. Bean and Radford (2000) identify that product innovation, creating unique product offerings, is one method to overcome competition and will create a sense of differentiation in different consumer buyers. Innovation might be categorised as an art form, as this is often based on internal staff ingenuity, however innovation would seem to be more scientifically-founded as before an innovative product can be launched, examination of competing products and their function must occur. This requires analysis of the external competitive environment which is grounded more in scientific research on behalf of a company. With the high level of competition in a wide variety of different product markets causing problems with being able to compete successfully, innovation as a strategic tool would seem to point toward business success. Porter's model also identifies threats to businesses in terms of supplier power, such as the level of control which suppliers have over raw material delivery or the development of a low-cost distribution infrastructure. Cohen and Roussel (2005) offer that a successful strategic business practice involves designing a supply-chain metric which measures the impact of supplier power on the ability to launch new and innovative products. The first proposed task is to set up a supply chain strategy objective which examines costs and the feasibility of distribution in a method which is both efficient and satisfies budget restrictions. This again would point toward supply chain considerations as being more of a business science, as it involves face-to-face negotiations with different suppliers and a strategic analysis of the strengths and weaknesses along the existing supply chain network. The role of strategic management in regards to suppliers is to identify whether deficiencies exist in t he supply chain and work consistently to improve efficiency and budget. In terms of supply, luck and opportunism would seem to be aspects of business strategy which are not relevant to creating a workable supply network. From a marketing viewpoint, Porter's Five Forces model also recognises the threats stemming from different consumers in terms of their price flexibility (the

Research Metohd proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Metohd proposal - Essay Example As more countries around the world become globalized, offering tourism packages to multitudes of diverse foreign visitors, competition continues to become intense requiring a new focus in order to sustain competitive edge and build growth strategically. However, outside of these generic business principles is a new type of focus as a method of building a more solid brand: corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR involves the activities of senior managers and the entire organisational staff to improve relationships with the domestic community and even international customers and citizens by promoting concepts of trustworthiness, ethical programming and diversity (as several examples). Corporate social responsibility includes multiple dimensions of moral principles that must be promoted so that diverse customers recognise that the hospitality business is accountable for their actions and makes sensible business decisions. The impact of CSR includes higher stakeholder and shareholder support if they are coordinated and implemented according to social needs. CSR has become more of a strategic function in order to bring the hospitality business better publicity and improve the quality of life of customers and general society. Literature review â€Å"A firm’s corporate image and reputation is an important strategic asset and marketing tool that can lead to a competitive advantage† (Gray & Balmer, 1998, p.695). This is one of the main elements that drive new focus on CSR, so that the business maintains a quality brand identity among customer groups, shareholder groups, and the general public population. Even though the end result of most CSR efforts lead to sustainable improvements in society, the impact on business can be maintaining an edge over competition that does not necessarily focus on corporate social responsibility as a strategic foundation. â€Å"Business operations are undeniably linked with trust-building in the local community population where the operation is based† (wcdr.gfdr.org, 2007, p.4). This is highly important in hotel organisations as they cater to the local community with their service offerings as well as international clients hailing from diverse cultural backgrounds. Therefore, the literature proposes that there must be a localized effort in CSR in order to build this needed trust for brand reputation purposes and to sustain a competitive edge. There are many avenues of building this trust such as through marketing, sustainability programmes, or even volunteerism in a variety of community-based programmes. According to Kline & Dai (2005) businesses that include CSR initiatives in their strategic objectives have been known to witness improved share prices, build better national image and increase employee productivity. Why is this? â€Å"Human beings are essential to service production. They are sensitive and reflect upon their experiences, responding to inner feelings and individual interpretat ions† (Sandoff, 2005, p.530). In the hotel environment, employees are the initial and ongoing point of contact for diverse customers, sometimes hailing from around the world, and therefore become a resource for information and support throughout the service experience. The hotel relies on their professionalism, loyalty and strong focus toward meeting customer needs in order to sustain a better

Strategic management as science Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management as science - Case Study Example The report highlights differentiation strategies through marketing, the role of internal business culture, and a variety of methodologies which contribute to successful business strategy. The evidence would seem to suggest that strategic management is more of a science than an art. Michael Porter, a renowned strategic business expert, discusses his Five Forces model which recognises a variety of external forces which can significantly impact business direction. From a competitive viewpoint, this model suggests that the threat of substitute products can impact sales and growth success (Quickmba.com, 2008). Substitute products represent similar product offerings in similar marketplaces which can detract from sales success simply due to these products creating excess competition in a firm's market environment. Bean and Radford (2000) identify that product innovation, creating unique product offerings, is one method to overcome competition and will create a sense of differentiation in different consumer buyers. Innovation might be categorised as an art form, as this is often based on internal staff ingenuity, however innovation would seem to be more scientifically-founded as before an innovative product can be launched, examination of competing products and their function must occur. This requires analysis of the external competitive environment which is grounded more in scientific research on behalf of a company. With the high level of competition in a wide variety of different product markets causing problems with being able to compete successfully, innovation as a strategic tool would seem to point toward business success. Porter's model also identifies threats to businesses in terms of supplier power, such as the level of control which suppliers have over raw material delivery or the development of a low-cost distribution infrastructure. Cohen and Roussel (2005) offer that a successful strategic business practice involves designing a supply-chain metric which measures the impact of supplier power on the ability to launch new and innovative products. The first proposed task is to set up a supply chain strategy objective which examines costs and the feasibility of distribution in a method which is both efficient and satisfies budget restrictions. This again would point toward supply chain considerations as being more of a business science, as it involves face-to-face negotiations with different suppliers and a strategic analysis of the strengths and weaknesses along the existing supply chain network. The role of strategic management in regards to suppliers is to identify whether deficiencies exist in t he supply chain and work consistently to improve efficiency and budget. In terms of supply, luck and opportunism would seem to be aspects of business strategy which are not relevant to creating a workable supply network. From a marketing viewpoint, Porter's Five Forces model also recognises the threats stemming from different consumers in terms of their price flexibility (the

Global disaster management Essay Example for Free

Global disaster management Essay Disaster management became global; financial resources together with the establishment of several associate and group organizations sprang up. Mass media took up the root with each major and minor disaster reported universally. Disaster tradition were formed and disseminated by the mass media. Until this global agenda was affirmed, environmental issues were still in their infancy and the number of research or consulting organizations focused on disasters was exceptionally small. The concern of disaster research units (mainly university-affiliated) and disaster management units in public administrations only became noticeable in the second half of the century in the late fifties. By the start of new millennium, the number of disaster-related organizations had grown exponentially. The U. S. government alone has no fewer than twenty-six major agencies as well as dozens of regional offices dealing with disasters. There are a further ninety-five specialized units established for contradictory disaster situations. To this can be added eighty U. S. domestic non-govermental organizations (NGOs). This number can be used as a rough suggestion of the same process occurring all through the Western world. The sharing of disaster-related global-based agencies likewise grew, comprising over ninety major public agencies with offices all through the world. This guide of the globalization of disaster management also supported the hold of public administration on the area of disasters. It has also led to interagency divergences and problems of management, as well as protective imperatives, turf wars, and competition (International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1996). What was evident at the national or state level-at which public administrations subjugated the definition of disaster, who was capable to be a disaster victim, what help would be afforded, and so on-was now extensive at the global level by other forms of public administration in diverse guises. As some critical reports have noted, the results have been at the similar mediocre levels of disaster management (on a larger scale), where in several cases such â€Å"assistance† was more unfavourable than supportive. The most observable of these have been linked with the droughts in Africa, where NGOs and international aid have in fact harmed more people than they have helped.

Chinese business negotiation styles and their impacts on the success of business with indian counterparts

Chinese business negotiation styles and their impacts on the success of business with indian counterparts 1. Introduction With Chinas accession to the WTO and the upcoming 2008 Olympic Games, China will become a new modern country and we will have increasing chances to cooperate with other countries, such as India, from all over the world. Business between China and India is becoming more and more frequent and important, and China will have more opportunities to negotiate with India. The commercial activity cannot go smoothly without negotiation. Business negotiation cannot be separated from culture. Business negotiation is a series of actions, and culture is a lubricant to the process. Knowing about the other sides culture will yield twice the result with half the effort. Also, different cultural values could bring barriers and problems in business negotiation. To understand different negotiation styles of us and India is significant. In this paper, I will analyze the negotiation styles of China and India, and find out the difference between them. Analyzing the business relationship between them and gi ve some suggestions about their negotiation. 2. Studies on the negotiation styles of the Chinese and Indian people 2.1 Chinese business negotiation styles Every people have his or her own negotiation styles, to master his or her negotiation styles will be of great help to the successful business. As a result, what we should understand first is the meaning of Negotiation Styles. â€Å"The negotiation style refers to the words and deeds behaved by negotiators in the course of negotiation. It is closely related to cultural traditions and cultural background, and obviously different from thoughts, characteristics of tactics and behaviors of the negotiators in the other side.† (Ma, 2004, p.450) Generally speaking, China is considered a friendly country. Dating back from Confucius age, propriety (Li jiao) has been paid great attention to. Chinese people are friendly, generous and helpful. Mostly, the Chinese people would warm their guests in either business or travel. The Chinese businessman is accustomed to â€Å"try peaceful means before resorting to force† (Xian li hou bing). When they do business with foreign counterparts, they are very likely to build a good relationship at the first time. In Chinese, there is a phrase â€Å"La guan xi†. If the two sides have cooperated before, the Chinese may possibly remind of the relationship between the two sides, which also has a Chinese phrase called â€Å"La jiao qing†. Acting in good faith occupies a great position in the mind of Chinese businessman, and the Chinese value a lot on emotion. Frequently, the Chineses sincere and warm attitudes help them win a good impression before they do business with others. Nevertheless, â€Å"try peaceful means before resorting to force† also means the Chinese would have their tough attitude as well, especially when they are in a hard situation. They are reserved, seldom showing their attitude directly. Even though they master all details of the negotiation, they would invite their partner indirectly to lay his cards on the table. When the negotiation has reached an impasse or some barrier, the Chinese would attempt to break the deadlock by making generous and thoughtful decision to maintain the relationship. They are easy to give accommodation for the sake of friendship. 2.2 India business negotiation styles Indians are warm and welcoming people who enjoy harmonious relationship. Once one has built a comfortable relationship with the local counterpart, the formal negotiation process can begin. In business, they are good at serving their own interests through trickery, desiring for quick success and instant benefits and scheming for convenience. (Richard, 2004, p.222) As a result, they prefer dealing with samples. Indians are also patient. In the business negotiation, they often spend a lot of time until they make a final decision. The Indians love bargaining. (Waterloo, 2002, p.318) Strangely, in their minds, justice means the counterpart who has more money or who is more popular should pay the bill. When negotiating, they would say naturally,† your capital is much more than us, so you must pay for†¦Ã¢â‚¬ India is an ancient culture with splashes of modernity throughout its business sector. Making researches on each company thoroughly and finding out the nature of their management style are necessary. Many large companies in India are family owned and operated. Dont assume that good relations with one family member could constitute access to the source of comme rcial power. Internal rivalries between family members are bitter, personal, and long-standing. 2.3 China and India business relationship There exists a long traditional friendship between the Chinese and Indian people. People of both countries have had great sympathy with each other and supported each other in the struggle for national independence. On 30, December 1949, the two countries built up relationship. Both China and India are huge markets. They are engaged in economic reforms and, with more economic development in both countries, more varieties of commodity could be offered for exchange. Economic cooperation in the fields of steel, petroleum, space, software, etc. has been developed. (Cheng, 2005, pp.90-91) Since 2002, leaders of the two countries have visited each other frequently, which promoted business between them greatly. China is expected to surpass America, becoming the biggest business partner of India. Both China and India enjoy the most promising foreground all over the world. In 2005, the total trade between China and India reached US $ 18.7 billion, increased by 38% than the last year. China has supported Indias participation in the APEC, while India has always supported China in the Human Rights Commission. Both China and India are huge markets. They are engaged in economic reforms and, with more economic development in both countries, more varieties of commodity could be offered for exchange. They share common interests as follow: The most important common interest between China and India is a peaceful and stable environment for their economic and social development. It is also in the common interest of both China and India to develop more trade and economic cooperation among themselves. Trade between the two countries grew quite fast in the last decade. (Zhang,

Innocent: Confession of a Welfare Mother Essay -- welfere, poverty, lif

Innocent: Confessions of a welfare mother is a memoir that defies the stigma that comes along with welfare and poverty. It outlines the trials and tribulations of a single Caucasian mother and her ability to maintain her family. Forced to make pivotal decisions and keep the best interest of her family in mind, she must take welfare handouts to get through her financial struggles. This memoir is a way to highlight the obstacles it takes to keep a stable household and get by at the worst times in a single mothers life. At a time of racism and despair, this single mother was able to find a place to call home and give her family a comfortable life. Barbara Morrison, an educated woman who grew up in a nuclear family home, their home included â€Å"[her] parents and children living in one household† (Moore& Asay, 2013). They lived in Roland Park in Baltimore Maryland. Living the â€Å"Average† lifestyle in her parents’ home she felt as if she were an outsider. Morrison decided to go to Western Maryland and pursue her collegiate education. She could not take the racism that went on in 1970 and decided to uproot her life for the better. Worcester, Massachusetts is where Morrison’s life would further take its course, she finally felt at home in this city. Morrison met her closest friend Jill who would also be an important benefactor in Barbra’s life; the first thing that she explained to Morrison was â€Å"The vast majority of people on welfare were white and lived in rural areas, not inner cities† (Morrison,2011).Morrison did not understand this until she was faced with the reality of pove rty. In order to survive she needed to bring in resources, which are â€Å"anything identified to meet an existing or future need† (Moore& Asay, 2013).In Morrison’s case ... ...o get Welfare assistance was a smart decision, but while on welfare she could have been in search for a better job. She didn’t want to take any time away from her children, but it may have been necessary in order to give them an even better life. Morrison did not weigh in the fact that she could have lived even more comfortably, having a well-paying job. When deciding to get welfare, another alternative could have been to teach in a place where her sons could also attend. Morrison was a good care provider for her children, but if she would have altered her ultimate plan slightly, it could have changed her life in a tremendous way. Works Cited Morrison , B. (2011). Innocent: Confession of a Welfare Mother . (1st ed.). Baltimore,MD: Apprentice House Moore, T. J,. & Asay, A. M. (2013). Family Resource Management. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications inc.

What Happened Next in Rip Van Winkle ? :: Rip Van Winkle Essays

What Happened Next in Rip Van Winkle ? Rip Van Winkle acquired a belief the day he fell asleep---July 3, 1766, say---a belief that that day was a fine day. He held this belief under the character ``Today [the day of this thought] is nice.'' Then he slept for twenty years and two days, until July 5, 1786, and walked back to town.   What happened next? The possibility that struck Kaplan and Evans is that Rip merely updated his belief. On July 3rd he never forms any explicit belief other than ``Today [the day of this thought] is a nice day''. When he awakes on July 5th, the belief is updated, due to his awareness of having slept through a night, and his lack of awareness of having slept twenty additinal years, to ``Yesterday [the day before the day of this thought] was a nice day.'' He falls out of epsitemic contact with the current day when he falls asleep, but has a ready-made character in mind for when he wakes up. But then what is there left of the original belief except the false one about July 4th? But the false belief can not be the true belief, so hasn't Rip lost the belief in question? This seems to be the argument that threatened Kaplan and appealed to Evans. But even in the case of such thin updating, there are backup characters for Rip to hold his belief under. When Rip believes, towards evening, as it grows dark, ``Today [the day of this thought] was a nice day,'' he has memories of seeing the flowers and feeling the sun, and so forth. So the character, ``That day [the day I remember] is or was a nice day'' is available to sustain his belief, when the attempt at updating goes awry. Even if these memories fade, there is the character, ``That day [the day this belief was acquired] is or was a nice day.'' So my view is this. When he awakes on July 5th, Rip updates his belief according to his view of how the context has changed. His view about the change of context is mistaken, and the new character, ``Yesterday [the day before the day of this thought] was nice'' is not a way of believing the original content. But that is no reason to say that Rip has lost his original belief.

Personal Statement for an English Course

English Personal Statement â€Å"That is part of the beauty of all literature. You discover that your longings are universal longings, that you're not lonely and isolated from anyone. You belong. † F. Scott Fitzgerald. I suppose that's why people love literature so much, it gives you the chance to explore realms of mind, body and spirit and observe life in an entirely different way. Modern Literature has always been of utmost interest to me alongside certain appreciations for the texts written within the Elizabethan period.I admire the ay that modern issues are portrayed through characters, allowing me to observe human nature, in a new analytical light. Ultimately my goal in life is to become an English teacher so that I can pass on knowledge and enthusiasm for the subject. Returning to do a seventh year has provided me with a chance to expand on my current qualifications and enhance my understanding of literature through Philosophy and my Advanced Higher English course. A fir m grasp of historic events from my previous History course has assisted me in my English course as it is entrally focused on independent study.Researching the background of authors and the period that which they were in, has helped me distinguish my analysis of the literature alongside preparing me for the academic world of university. One of my first duties within school is that of the role of prefect. I have done this duty for two years now and it involves maintaining order within the corridors. I have also been appointed an Independent Studies Supervisor. This requires me to take a leadership role and motivate others to complete their work while assisting them in areas that I ave studied.It is a very rewarding experience to be able to teach students in some aspects; hence I am within my complete element in this situation. In my spare time I enjoy writing poems or stories reflecting my outlook on life, or even my observation of others endeavours. From a personal point of view this allows me to expand on themes that have real meaning to me and understand why others apply those themes within novels, plays and poems. Concurrently writing about others allows me to see the development of real life characters, break down their actions and analyse he thoughts that they are feeling and empathise with them.Furthermore for the last eight years I have been in this group known as Musical Youth. We put on productions of popular well known shows. However for the last two years I have progressed to the adult group known as Encore. This involves writing our own plays contemporary, Victorian or otherwise; again allowing me to expand upon the mentality of characters and well thought themes. In my English course this has helped me understand the real root of what each writer is trying to say. Because of this I would certainly Join ocieties such as drama and even sports such as rugby.Between all the drama, I like to spend a little time and give back to the community. I head to the Day Care Centre each week and help the elderly while keeping them company. Some of the stories they have to tell are magnificent, and has given me insight to a basis of real live events in the past, which I apply currently in my English course. Now as a teenager I naturally need money, so to subsidise this I work as a part time Sales Assistant at Game, where you meet a variety of people with different cultures every day

Nutrition Discussion Set 1

NUTR 2202 DISCUSSION SET I CHAPTERS 1-5 1. (30 points) Using Appendix H in your textbook: †¢ Fill in the calories, carbohydrate, fat and its components (sat, poly, mono, trans), and fiber values for each food/beverage in the table found on the last page of this Discussion Set. Remember to look at the portion and adjust values if the portion in the table is different than that listed in Appendix H. †¢ Add each column to get a total for all nutrients. Please answer this question by filling in the chart.TIP: we will also use this day’s intake for DS2 and DS3. Highlight the entries in your text and you won’t have to find them again. 2. (35 points) Using the example for how to calculate the energy from food (page 10 in the text): †¢ Determine what percentage of the calories for this day’s intake were from carbohydrate (CHO), total fat, and each type of fat. Percentage of the Calories from CHO: 41% Percentage of the Calories from total fat: 48% Sat. Fat: 17% Mono Fat: 8% Poly Fat: 4% Trans Fat: 3% †¢ Show or explain your calculations.To find the % of the calories that were from carbs I took the total amount of carbs consumed for the day (380. 3 g) and multiplied it by 4kcal/g (380. 3 x 4) to get 1521. 3 kcal. I then divided that product by my total overall calories for the day (3736. 5) to give me . 407, and from there a multiplied that number by 100 to give me 41%. *I used the same format for the remaining calculations. * Total Fat: 200. 3 x 9 = 1802. 7†¦.. 1802. 7/3736. 5 = . 482†¦. 0. 482 x 100 = 48% Sat Fat: 72. 55 x 9 = 652. 95†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦652. 95/3736. 5 = . 174†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦0. 74 x 100 = 17% Mono Fat: 34. 55 x 9 = 310. 95†¦.. 310. 95/3736. 5 = . 083†¦.. 0. 083 x 100 = 8% Poly Fat: 18. 1 x 9 = 162. 9†¦.. 162. 9/3736. 5 = . 043†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0. 043 x 100 = 4% Trans Fat: 13 x 9 = 117†¦. 117/3736. 5 = . 031†¦.. 0. 031 x 100 = 3% †¢ Compare the CHO and total fat values to the Accepta ble Macronutrient Distribution Ranges. The % of calories from carbs fell just short of AMDR’s range of 45 – 65% with a percentage of 41%. The % of calories from total fats was good amount over AMDR’s range of 20 – 35% with a percentage of 48% . (20 points) Using the information in Highlight 1 in your textbook, find a credible website that has nutrition and/or health information that is of interest to you: www. healthypeople. gov †¢ Give at least 3 ways you determined it was reliable. 1. The web address ends in â€Å". gov†. 2. The web page is often updated and its last update was on Thursday, September 20, 2012. 3. The web site is managed by the U. S Department of Health and Human Services and it states this at the bottom of each page of the website. Provide a summary of the information provided by the website and how it will be helpful to you (beyond what you have learned in the text). Healthy People is a scientifically based website that pro vides objectives and opportunities to help improve the health and lifestyles of all Americans. The website gives you multiple different topics regarding health (anything from Nutrition and Weight status to topics about Cancer) to help better inform you about the topic, how to act on the topic, and institutions/interventions working on the topic.It will be helpful to me because it provides me with information about some topics that I might not have known very much about, and if I am passionate or am directly affected by a topic, it gives me many different ways on how to act on the topic. 4. (10 points) What is the most common cause of peptic ulcers? What is recommended treatment? The most common cause is due to H. pylori bacterial infection. Recommended treatment is to treat for infection, eliminate any food that routinely causes indigestion or pain, and avoid coffee and caffeine- and alcohol- containing beverages. 5. 10 points) In your own words, describe the difference in soluble a nd insoluble fibers, including how they impact our health. Soluble fibers dissolve/absorb in contact with water and essentially swell up to form a gel like substance. Soluble fibers impact our health in that they help aid in keeping blood glucose at a moderate level and lowering cholesterol. Insoluble fibers are the exact opposite of soluble fibers in that they do not dissolve or absorb in water and pass through our digestive system with little or no change. Insoluble fibers help greatly with intestinal health (i. . hemorrhoid and constipation prevention). USE THE LABEL INFORMATION ON THE LAST PAGE of the Discussion Set FOR THE REMAINDER OF THE QUESTIONS. SHOW ANY CALCULATIONS NEEDED TO ARRIVE AT YOUR ANSWERS. 6. (10 points) What percentage of your AI for fiber would 2 servings of this food contribute to your day’s intake? My AI for fiber would be at right about 41 grams, therefore, 2 servings of this cereal (14 g fiber) would contribute to 29% of my day’s intake (14/4 1 = . 292†¦.. 0. 292 x 100 = 29. 2=29%). 7. (10 points) What type of fiber do you think is included in this food?I think it included both soluble and insoluble fiber because it has both oats (which contain soluble) and bran (which contain insoluble). 8. (5 points) What is the predominant ingredient in this food? Whole Oats 9. (10 points) Does this product contain trans fat? Tell me what information on the label justifies your answer. No, because it shows 0 grams next to trans-fat in the nutrition label, but even then some foods can still contain trans-fat even if it says 0g so I had to look at the ingredients to check to see if hydrogenated/ partially hydrogenated was in the list and in this case it was not. 0. (10 points) Would this be considered a low-fat food? Why or why not? No, because generally for it to be considered a low fat food it needs to have 3g or less fat per serving, and this product has 7g. 5 EC points: is your computer file named correctly? [pic] NOTE—t his page is in Landscape format so it will be wider than the previous pages and, if you print it out, should print in the Landscape orientation. FOOD |PORTION |CALORIES (kcal) |Carbohydrate (g) |FAT (g) | Sat (g) | Mono (g) | Poly (g) | Trans (g) |FIBER (g) | |Breakfast | | | | | | | | | | |Skim milk |1. cups |124. 5 kcal |18. 3 g |0. 3 g |0. 15 g |0. 15 g |0 g |——— |0 g | |Cracklin’ Oat Bran |1 cup |267 kcal |46. 7 g |9. 3 g |4. 0 g |4. 7 g |1. 3 g |0 g |8. 0 g | |A. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Popcorn (popped in oil) |2 cups |128 kcal |10. 0 g |9. 6 g |1. 6 g |2. 2 g |5. 2 g |——– |1. 8 g | |Kool-Aid |16 oz. |216 kcal |55. 6 g |0 g | 0 g |0 g |0 g |——– |0. 4 g | |Lunch | | | | | | | | | | |Jack in the Box. Ultimate Cheeseburger |1 |1010 kcal |53. 0 g |71. 0 g |28. 0 g |——– |——- |3. 0 g |2. g | |Jack in the Box Onion Rings |1 serving |500 kcal |51. 0 g |30. 0 g |6. 0 g | Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ |——— |10 g |3. 0 g | |Coke (regular) |12 oz. |136 kcal |35. 2 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——- |0 g | |P. M. Snack | | | | | | | | | | |Peanut Butter cookies |3 |489 kcal |50. 7 g |27. 6 g |5. 1 g |14. 1 g |6. 9 g |——– |2. 7 g | |Tap Water |2 cups |0 kcal |0 g |0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | 0 g | |Dinner | | | | | | | | | | |Potato, baked (flesh only) |? cup |57 kcal |13. 1 g |0. 1 g |0 g |0 g |0 g |——— |0. g | |Butter |3 tablespoons |306 kcal |0 g |34. 5 g |21. 9 g |9. 0 g |1. 2 g |——— |0 g | |Ham, cured, boneless, 11% fat, roasted |6 ounces |302 kcal |0 g |15. 4 g |5. 4 g |3. 8 g |2. 4 g |———- |0 g | |Yellow sweet corn, boiled, drained |1 cup |178 kcal |41. 2 g |2. 2 g |0. 4 g |0. 6 g |1 g |———- |4. 6 g | |Strawberries, raw |? cup |23 kcal |5. 5 g |0. 2 g |0 g |0 g |0. 1 g |——— |1. 4 g | | TOTALS | —à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- |3736. 5 kcal |380. 3 g |200. 3 g |72. 55 g |34. 55 g |18. 1 g |13 g |24. 8 g | |

Causes and effects of the Credit Crunch

Causes and effects of the Credit Crunch The words credit crunch have been all over the financial headlines in the UK, including the effects that has hit the financial markets both in the UK and in other parts of the world have been reflected in a number of ways, affecting both financial institutions(banks) and consumers. Several authors and regulators have showed their different views about the causes and effect of credit crunch. Many economists studying the credit crunch explain it as a cyclical fall in credit demand. What is credit crunch? Bernanke and Lown (1991) define a credit crunch as a decline in the supply of credit that is abnormally large for a given stage of the business cycle. Credit normally contracts during a recession, but an unusually large contraction could be seen as a credit crunch. From Investopedia; credit crunches are usually considered to be an extension of recessions, also making it impossible for companies to borrow because lenders are scared of bankruptcies or defaults, which results in higher r ates. The consequence is a prolonged recession (or slower recovery), which occurs as a result of the shrinking credit supply. The credit crunch is also known as the credit crisis and is represented by a reduction in the general availability of loans which leads to sudden tightening of the conditions required to obtain a loan/credit from banks. Also, a broader definition of a credit crunch has been summarized by the Council of Economic Advisers (1992):A credit crunch occurs when the supply of credit is restricted below the range usually identified with prevailing market interest rates and the profitability of investment projects. Amongst the things affected in the UK as a result of the credit crunch are: Liquidity: The atypical flow of money looking for a home went into the West’s economies. Trade surpluses were recycled in the early part of the decade. This stimulated the â€Å"search for production of labor† and, in turn, the uncertainty in price of risk as investors imagined the high returns they were offered were safer than they proved. E.g. In September 2007, during the financial crisis of 2007-2010, the Bank had borrowed from the Bank of England a sum of about  £13 billion, a liquidity support facility, this showed that the total amount was a loss of deposits. which followed problems in the credit markets caused by the US sub- prime mortgage financial crisis. And it was of great shock that could be avoided to the bringing down of Northern Rock was a risk. However, the result of two unsuccessful offers to take over the bank, not being able to achieve the repayment of taxpayers’ money. This made the Government immediately take possession, away from its shareholders. Also reported cases showed some shareholders had their life savings in the shares, which were taken from them. Sub-prime lending: This covers different types of credit, including mortgages, auto loans, and credit cards. Sub-prime loans allows the opportunity for borro wers with a less-than-ideal credit record (considered as people with bad credit history)to be home owner. Some of theses lenders may use the credit in purchasing homes,sometimes in financing other types of spendings e.g. paying for living expenses, remodelling a home, or even paying down on a high-interest credit card or purchasing a car. Sub-prime lending (mortgages to be precise)provides a method of â€Å"credit repair†. Also with the interest rates low and liquidity in plentiful supply, financial institutions and businesses did not bother with adequate checks before, lending billions, who they realise could not afford repayments when some of this types of credits came with high interest rates, increased fees and costs which was a major cause for credit crunch.