Literature Review Methods For Artificial Recharge Environmental Sciences Essay

It is the simplest, oldest and most widely applied method of unreal recharge. This method involves surface distributing of H2O in basins that are excavated in the bing terrain. For effectual unreal recharge, extremely permeable dirts are suited and care of a bed of H2O over the extremely permeable dirts is necessary. When direct discharge is practiced, the sum of H2O come ining the aquifer depends on three factors ; the infiltration rate, the infiltration rate, and the capacity for horizontal H2O motion. Recharge by distributing basins is most effectual where there are no impending beds between the land surface and the aquifer and where clear H2O is available for recharge. The common job in reloading by surface spreading is choke offing of the surface stuff by suspended deposit in the recharge H2O or by microbic growing. The estimated costs associated with the usage of recharge basins are high since the basins depend on both infiltration rates and land values. The estimated land required ( hour angle ) depends upon the volumetric rate of recharge and the infiltration rate i.e. Flow Rate ( m3/d ) / Infiltration Rate ( m3/ha/d )Vadose zone injection goodRecharge or injection Wellss are used to straight reload H2O into deep water- bearing zones. Recharge Wellss could be cased through the stuff overlying the aquifer and if the Earth stuffs are unconsolidated, a screen may be placed in the well in the zone of injection. In some instances, several recharge Wellss may be installed in the same borehole. Recharge Wellss are suited merely in countries where a midst imperviable bed exists between the surface of the dirt and the aquifer to be replenished. They are besides advantageous in countries where land is scarce. A comparatively high rate of recharge can be attained by this method. The life rhythm of vadose zone injection Wellss is really unsure since they are an emerging engineering. However, they are more economical than recharge basins or direct injection Wellss as they provide some of the advantages of both recharge basins and direct injection Wellss.Direct Injection WellThey can shoot H2O straight into unconfined aquifers or confined aquifers. Where unconfined aquifers are unavailable, direct injection Wellss are the lone option for groundwater recharge and are capable of at the same time shooting H2O into several aquifers. However, direct injection Wellss are expensive, necessitate advanced pre-treatment engineering and advanced engineering for care. Land H2O recharge by direct injection is practiced Where groundwater is deep or where the topography or bing land usage makes surface distributing impractical or excessively expensive, When direct injection is peculiarly effectual in making freshwater barriers in coastal aquifers against invasion of seawater, When both in surface spreading and direct injection, turn uping the extraction wells as great a distance as possible from the spreading basins or the injection wells increases the flow way length and abode clip of the recharged H2O. These separations in infinite and in clip contribute to the commixture of the recharge H2O and the other aquifer contents, and the loss of individuality of the recharged H2O originated from municipal effluent. Major Features of Aquifer Recharge MethodologiesRecharge BasinsVadose injection WellssDirect injection WellssAquifer Type Unconfined Unconfined Unconfined or Confined Pre-Treatment Requirements Low Technology Removal of solids High Technology Estimated Major Capital Costs US $ Land and Distribution System $ 25000-75000 per good $ 500000-1500000 per good Capacity 1000-20000 m3/ha/d 1000-3000 m3/well/d 2000-6000 M3s /well/d Care Requirements Drying and Scraping Drying and Disinfection Disinfection and Flow Reversal Estimated Life Cycle & gt ; 100 old ages 5-20 old ages 25-50 old ages Soil Aquifer Treatment Vadose zones and Saturated zones Vadose zones and Saturated zones Saturated zones ( beginning: United Nations Environment Program )History of direct injection Wellss in the United StatesWidespread usage of injection Wellss began in the 1930s to dispose of seawater generated during oil production. Injection efficaciously disposed of unwanted seawater, preserved surface Waterss, and in some formations, enhanced the recovery of oil, In the 1950s, chemical companies began shooting industrial wastes into deep Wellss. As chemical fabrication increased, so did the usage of deep injection. Injection was a safe and cheap option for the disposal of unwanted and frequently risky industrial by-products, In 2010, the EPA finalized ordinances for geologic segregation of CO2. This concluding regulation created a new category of Wellss, Class VI. Class VI Wellss are used entirely for the intent of long term storage ofA CO2. ( beginning: United States Environmental Protection Agency )Types of Injection WellssClass 1Class I Wellss are those that inject industrial, municipal and risky wastes below the deepest belowground beginning of imbibing H2O ( USDW ) . Class I wells can be subdivided by the types of waste injected: risky, non-hazardous, and municipal waste H2O. Hazardous wastes are those industrial wastes that are specifically defined as risky in federal jurisprudence. Many of these Wellss are located along the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast. This country has a big figure of waste generators such as refineries and chemical workss every bit good as deep geologic formations that are ideal for the injection of wastes. Non-hazardous wastes are any other industrial wastes that do non run into the legal definition of risky wastes and can include a broad assortment of fluids. Municipal wastes, which are non specifically defined in federal ordinances, are wastes associated with sewerage wastewater that has received intervention.Site Selection and DistributionSite choice for a Class I disposal good is dependent upon geologic and hydrogeological conditions, and merely certain countries are suited. Most of the favourable locations are by and large in the mid-continent, Gulf Coast, and Great Lakes parts of the state, though some other countries are besides safe for Class I well sites. The procedure of choosing a site for a Class I disposal good involves measuring many factors. To take in consideration foremost is the finding that the belowground formations possess the natural ability to incorporate and insulate the injected waste. One of import portion of this finding is the rating of the history of temblor activity. If a location shows this type of instability in the subsurface, it may intend that fluids will non remain contained in the injection zone, bespeaking the well should non be located in that peculiar location. A 2nd of import factor is finding if any improperly abandoned Wellss, mineral resources that provide economic militias or belowground beginnings of imbibing H2O are identified in the country. These resources are evaluated to guarantee that the injection good will non do negative impacts. A elaborate survey is conducted to find the suitableness of the belowground formations for disposal and parturiency. The injection zone in the receiving formation must be of sufficient size ( both over a big country and thickness ) and have sufficient porousness and permeableness to accept and incorporate the injected wastes. The part around the well should be geologically stable, and the injection zone should non incorporate recoverable mineral resources such as ores, oil, coal, or gas.Operating and Monitoring RequirementsThe operating conditions for the well are closely studied and are limited in the license to do certain that the force per unit area at which the fluids will be pumped into the subsurface is safe, that the stone units can safely have the volume of fluids to be disposed of, and that the waste watercourse is compatible with all the well building constituents and the natural features of the stones into which the fluids will be injected. Class I injection Wellss are continuously monitored and controlled, normally with sophisticated computing machines and digital equipment. Thousands of informations points about the pumping force per unit area for fluid disposal, the force per unit area in the ring between the injection tube and the well shell ( that shows there are no leaks in the well ) , and informations on the fluid being disposed of, such as its temperature and flow rate, are monitored and recorded each twenty-four hours. Alarms are connected to sound if anything out of the ordinary happens, and if unusual force per unit areas are sensed by the monitoring equipment, the well automatically shuts off.Class 2Class II injection Wellss have been used in oil field related activities since the 1930 ‘s. Today there are about 170,000. Class II injection Wellss located in 31 provinces. Class II Wellss are capable to a regulative procedure which requires a proficient reappraisal to guarantee equal protection of imbibing H2O and an administrative reappraisal specifying operational guidelines. Class II Wellss are categorized into three subclasses: salt H2O disposal Wellss, enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) wells, and hydrocarbon storage Wellss. Salt Water Disposal Wells: As oil and natural gas are brought to the surface, they by and large are assorted with salt H2O. Geologic formations are selected to have the produced Waterss, which are reinjected through disposal Wellss and enhanced recovery Wellss. These Wellss have been used as a standard pattern in the oil and gas industry for many decennaries and are capable to mandate by regulative bureaus. Enhanced Oil Recovery Wells ( EOR ) : are used to increase production and protract the life of oil-producing Fieldss. Secondary recovery is an EOR procedure normally referred to as water-flooding. In this procedure, salt H2O that was co-produced with oil and gas is reinjected into the oil-producing formation to drive oil into pumping Wellss, ensuing in the recovery of extra oil. Third recovery is an EOR procedure that is used after secondary recovery methods become inefficient or wasteful. Third recovery methods include the injection of gas, H2O with particular additives, and steam to keep and widen oil production. These methods allow the maximal sum of the oil to be retrieved out of the subsurface. Hydrocarbon storage Wellss: are by and large used for the belowground storage of rough oil and liquid hydrocarbons in of course happening salt or stone formations. The Wellss are designed for both injection and remotion of the stored hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons are injected into the formation for storage and subsequently pumped back out for processing and usage.OperationssTypically, oil, gas, and salt H2O are separated at the oil and gas production installations. The salt H2O is so either piped or trucked to the injection site for disposal or EOR operations. There, the salt H2O is transferred to keeping armored combat vehicles and pumped down the injection good. For EOR, the salt H2O may be treated or augmented with other fluids prior to injection. In some EOR instances, fresh H2O, or fresh H2O converted to steam, is injected to maximise oil recovery. Injection good operations are regulated in ways to forestall the taint of USDWs and to guarantee unstable arrangement and parturiency within the authorised injection zone. This includes restrictions on factors such as the force per unit area that can be used to pump the H2O or steam into the well, or the volume of the injectate.Testing and MonitoringAfter puting Class II injection Wellss in service, land H2O protection is assured by proving and supervising the Wellss. Injection force per unit areas and volumes are monitored as a valuable index of good public presentation. Effective monitoring is of import since it can place jobs below land in the well so that disciplinary action can be taken rapidly to forestall hazard of USDWs.Class 3They are related to mineral extraction. The techniques these Wellss use for mineral extraction may be divided into two basic classs: solution excavation of salts and S, and in situ leaching ( in topographic point leaching ) for assorted minerals such as Cu, gold, or U. Solution excavation techniques are used chiefly for the extraction of salts and S. For common salt, the solution excavation procedure involves injection of comparatively fresh H2O, which so dissolves the belowground salt formation. The ensuing brine solution is pumped to the surface, either through the infinite between the tube and the shell in the injection good, or through separate production Wellss. The technique for solution excavation of S is known as the Frasch procedure. This procedure consists of shooting superheated H2O down the infinite between the tube and the shells of the injection good and into the sulfur-bearing formations to run the S. The liquefied S is extracted from the subsurface through the tube in the injection good, with the assistance of tight air, which mixes with the liquid S and airlifts it to the surface. In situ leaching is normally used to pull out Cu, gold and U. Uranium is the prevailing mineral mined by this technique. The U in situ leaching procedure involves injection of a impersonal H2O solution incorporating atoxic chemicals ( e.g. , O and C dioxide ) down the well. This bastioned H2O is circulated through an belowground ore organic structure or mineral zone to fade out the U particles that coat the sand grains of the ore organic structure. The ensuing uranium-rich solution is so pumped to the surface, where the U is extracted from the solution and the leaching solution is recycled back into the ore organic structure through the injection good.Class 4Class IV Wellss have been identified by the Regulatory Bodies as a important menace to human wellness and the environment since these Wellss introduce really unsafe wastes into or above a possible imbibing H2O beginning. The Regulatory Bodies has banned the usage of these Wellss for many old ages. However, due to both accidents a nd illegal knowing Acts of the Apostless, Class IV Wellss are still sporadically found at assorted locations. Regulators evaluate site conditions, find what actions need to be taken to clean up the well and environing country, and for good shut the well so extra risky wastes can non come in the subsurface through the well. This good category may include storm drains where spills of risky wastes enter the land or infected systems where risky waste watercourses are combined with healthful waste. Although otherwise banned, there is one case where Class IV Wellss are allowed. In these instances the Wellss are used to assist clean up bing taint. Sites exist where risky wastes have entered aquifers due to spills, leaks or similar releases into the subsurface. Some redress engineerings require the contaminated land H2O to be pumped out of the subsurface, treated at the surface to take certain contaminations, and so pumped back into the contaminated formation. The procedure basically creates a large intervention cringle for the land H2O. ( beginning: land H2O protection council )Advantages of Artificial RechargeThe usage of aquifers for storage and distribution of H2O and remotion of contaminations by natural cleansing procedures which occur as contaminated rain surface H2O infiltrate the dirt and leach down through the assorted geological formations. Groundwater recharge is preferred because there are negligible vaporization losingss, the H2O is non vulnerable to secondary taint by animate beings or worlds, and there are no algae blooms ensuing in diminishing surface H2O quality. In stone formations with high, structural unity, few extra stuffs may be required ( concrete, metal rods ) to build the well. Groundwater recharge shops H2O during the moisture season for usage in the prohibitionist season when demand is highest. Aquifer H2O can be improved by reloading with high quality injected H2O. Aquifers provide big sums of storage capacity that can be made available through auifer recharge hence increasing the sustainable output of the aquifer. Most aquifer recharge systems are easy to run.Disadvantages of Artificial RechargeIn the absence of fiscal inducements, Torahs, or other ordinances to promote landholders to keep drainage Wellss adequately, the Wellss may fall into disrepair and finally becomes beginnings of groundwater taint. There is a possible for taint of the groundwater from injected surface H2O run-off, particularly from agricultural Fieldss and route surfaces. In most instances, the surface H2O overflow is non pre-treated before injection. Recharge can degrade the aquifer unless quality control of the injected H2O is equal. Unless important volumes can be injected into an aquifer, groundwater recharge may non be economically executable. ( beginning: Spandre R- EOLSS )Artificial Recharge in MauritiusThe aquifers in Mauritius are chiefly of the leaky type ( geology of Mauritius ) . A leaky aquifer can be confined or unconfined and it can lose or derive H2O through aquitards jumping them from either above and/or below. There are five chief aquifers and the addition in demand for groundwater has caused extraction of fresh waters from aquifers. The fresh water has been lowered to such an extent that saltwater has invaded permeable underside beds bearing fresh water. This phenomenon is known as saltwater invasion. The aquifer becomes contaminated with salt which may go really hard and dearly-won to handle the H2O. †

Echoes of Heaven Essay

The world today seems to be going further and further from Christian Values. Denominations are arising against each other time after time. We no longer hear the proper preaching of the gospel because preachers prepare their sessions to suit the audience and therefore a lot of truth is left uncovered. A Christian who performs and leads a true Christian life seems very outdated. There are rumors of wars everywhere in the world today. People seem to rely on technology much more than on God. I am a born again Christian, I have been a Christian since I was born but there is a huge difference in my life after I accepted Jesus Christ. I have received tangible breakthroughs and therefore when I say so much truth is left uncovered in today’s churches I do it with reference to my personal experience. Sometimes suffering comes our way because God wants to show us our weakness without Him. We must rely on Him and not on our own understanding. I have observed Muslim practices closely and they are more devoted to their religion and believes than Christians! Charles I agree that God’s Love is better than Life Itself and would very much want to know where to get the book.

Literature Searches Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature Searches - Research Paper Example This level identified and individualized factors which were very specific and also analyzed specially care units and the dynamics within which contribute to work related stress. Critically appraised individual articles are written by authors who evaluate and provide a brief synopsize of the individual research studies. There were five results found with this criteria. These articles identified studies with implications related to the topic and provided a brief summary of the study without opinion or conclusions of their own. For unfiltered information I used MEDLINE. For RCT’s only one result was found with the search term nursing related stress. This evaluated nursing students stress level at the bachelor’s level and was a quantitative study. Cohort studies involve groups of individuals who are linked in some way and observed. 2 results were found with this criteria. Only one was relevant which observed Chinese nurses to determine factors related to stress. This linked individuals of a certain ethnic group. Case controlled studies are merely observational with no intervention attempted and compares individuals with certain characteristics with those who do not have those characteristics, such as a disease. For this group I used cancer as the differing factors and 212 results were found. These results weren’t very useful as most focused on the patient rather than the stress of the caregiver. These studies would not be my first choice in researching nursing related stress. For background information or expert opinion I focused on validation studies. There were 502 results though most were not focused on my particular topic or phrase which I used. These results actually provided physical and biological evidence of nursing related stress. These studies were very in depth and specific, some measuring levels of stress hormones or using defined scales to determine levels of

Direct and Indirect Instruction Model Coursework

Direct and Indirect Instruction Model - Coursework Example Direct instruction model has been applicable in teaching for an unspecified duration. In this model, instructor imparts knowledge to learners using direct material that can easily be understood. Mostly, application of direct instruction model leave most of the work to the teacher, and it requires the strict following of lesson plan. In this light, students do not have the opportunity to brainstorm. Additionally, use of learning procedures such as lab session, workshop, internship, and discussion are exempted. The positive sides of this model include the inclusion of both quick and slow learners, reduction of time wastage in learning, and reduction of learning cost to the learner. On the contrary, direct instruction model has been blamed for making learners lazy, reducing teacher-student interaction, and reducing diversification in knowledge acquisition (Borich, 2007). In my application of direct instruction model, I find it appropriate in teaching different types of linguistics such as official and non-official language in a job interview. Indirect learning is applicable in the teaching process where concepts are involved, and solutions are sought for problems. The idea behind indirect instruction model is to make learners active in the learning process by giving them an opportunity to contribute. It is proven over time that practical learning processes enhance mastery and indirect instruction model embrace that ideology. Therefore, the term indirect is used in this context because the process gives learners crude information, which they transform in their understanding fit for their mastery. From this perspective, teachers do not give information in open context manner forcing the learners to do their parts and ingest the information delivered (Borich, 2007).  

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

No topic - Assignment Example It uses the laissez-faire approach in the accessing of its apps hub and doesn`t have strict rules like their counterparts. Critics argue that this system fails to filter out malware while Android enthusiasts believe the system works for itself. Comprising the two applications is not easy because the I Phone OS operating system has been in existence for a longer time than the Android market and boasts of having more applications than Google. The two systems boast of obtaining new platforms for marketing their applications. The business rivalry that these two companies have has resulted to millions of dollars in sales. People nowadays find playing games on their phones more convenient and cheap as compared to buying the actual game consoles. The two Smartphone companies emphasize on keeping its devices up to speed and constant review of their software. Apple and android devices are similar in that they both want to provide the best quality application to their customers. As much as the android and apple applications market is utilized, each market has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the advantages related to the android market include its integration with Google. The easy access to Google ensures that just about everybody can benefit from the android applications market. For example, Androids version of Google maps offers some unique and extremely useful features like a GPS system fitted into a car and Google’s navigation application, which enables a new person in a particular city move around freely. Androids have a more flexible operating system. It means that even a simple setting on a phone may control the whole application operation and a few slick applications known as launchers can even alter the look and feel of the Android device. Some of the drawbacks regarding Androids include fragmentation (Ed Hardy, 2008). This is the existence of different versions

Self Evaluation-Educational Objective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Self Evaluation-Educational Objective - Essay Example To further enhance my skills I would like to get enrolled in the MBA program where I can gain more knowledge and at the same time utilize my practical experiences and contribute to this industry. I got knowledge about it by a friend who has taken part in the MBA program and was satisfied with the curriculum and results of it. I believe that this is the right time to apply for an MBA program as education provides advantages and helps in improving the performance of the person in practical work life. I believe the most important concepts today are globalization, corporate governance and group work. The concepts and theories related to them help a lot in understanding and managing issues which arise. The most crucial issues to be managed are cultural diversity, discrimination and lack of communication skills. I believe that MBA program will be helpful in understanding the ways to tackle these issues and maintain a level of understanding between the group members or employees of the orga nization. I have the capability to work in a group and coordinate with my team members in an efficient manner. This will assist me in coordinating in a good manner with my colleagues in the MBA program and share experiences. The program will at the same time help me in broadening my perspectives with regard to the financial sector.

George Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

George Washington - Essay Example form of advice to them, to make them aware of political threats the nation might face and to make them understand the political scenario of that time. Analyzed below are the major points of his farewell address. Washington started his address by informing the public that he had declined the presidency for a third term and had decided, according to him, â€Å"to return to that retirement from which I have been reluctantly drawn† (Washington, as cited in Schmitt, 2004, para. 3). He stated how he had decided not to run the second term and how concern about the survival of the nation and his confidants had convinced him to run for the third term. At the same time, he thanked the People for the support, confidence and honor they had him entitled to. Washington urged upon the fact that the survival of the nation depended very much on the unity of people belonging to all the states. This was important to save their liberty, prosperity and independence both at home and abroad. He warned them of threats posed to their unity from internal and external enemies who wanted to destabilize the nation by alienating one state from another. He told the nation to have pride in being Americans and insisted that they should look down upon â€Å"any appellation derived from local discriminations† (as cited in Schmitt, para. 10) because all of them had to fight for the same cause with negligible discriminations of religion, color and race. He insisted that the North, South, East and West of the United States, all complemented one another in order to ensure the security against foreign attacks and sectionalists. He further suggested that only alliances could not serve the purpose as they were always subject to threats. There was the need of a government as a whole. Though the People had the authority to change the government and its constitutions, but once it was established, then it was the firm duty of the nation to obey it and respect its laws. It was their responsibility to fight

Case study one and two Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study one and two - Term Paper Example The partner would have to buy in to acquire equity in the company. A good way to determine the valuation of Mystic Monk Coffee is to hire a consultant to determine the value of the firm. The new partner will provide the firm with cash that can be used to expand the business. The partner will also bring human capital into the organization. A second constraint the company faces is limited workforce capacity. The firm only has three employees. Once the new partner comes on board the company can solve the problem by hiring three additional employees. The new employees can help the company in its expansion plan. A growth plan of adding another store managed by the new partner can give the firm added exposure and it can double the revenues. The beer industry is the United States generates $100 billion in revenues annually. Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage worldwide. As a drinkable beverage beer has lots of substitutes. Beer can be substituted by water, sodas, tea, juice, and hot beverages including coffee and chocolate. If we narrow the product category, beer is an alcoholic beverage. Wines, rum, vodka, and other hard liquors are substitutes to beers. The bargaining power of the buyers in the beer industry is affected by various factors. The list below illustrates three of those factors and its relative power: There are several critical success factors in the beer industry. One important factor for success in the beer industry is advertising. Beer companies spend billions of dollars each year on advertising using multiple media channels including television, radio, billboards, and the internet. The target market that is aggressively targeted in advertising by beer companies is people between the ages of 18-35 years of age. A second critical success factor is customer loyalty. Beer companies depend on the repeated business of its customers to generate revenues on a

Personal Responsibility and Individual Accountability Essay - 2

Personal Responsibility and Individual Accountability - Essay Example He was appointed as the Creative Team Member and thus his responsibility was to understand the creative elements within the campaigns and assist the remaining team members as per the ‘consistency’ theme within those campaigns. (Moses, 2000) Alan’s strengths were his ability to recognize the difference between the aesthetically sound designs and the ones which could not propagate many variations within the consumerism avenues. He knew what will sell and hence advocated his designs in such a manner that the element of commercialism was depicted in his work. He also remembered designs pretty well and this can also be marked as one of his major strengths. He could differentiate whose work meant a certain theme and which designer was well-equipped to handle a particular kind of task. On the job, Alan learned a great deal about being responsible, getting things done in an effective and efficient way, to liaise with the remaining team members, to manage his own self, gain interdependence and properly align his working regimes with the time slots which were devoted to his individualized as well as team’s works. (Keigher, 1996) Alan taught me that it was all about the passion to do something in a particular field and to have a certain belief that a person can actually do it. He taught me that being responsible does come from within, more so if the destination is in sight. Also, motivation is a much-cherished aspect that one could have for his own betterment. Alan’s story is somewhat similar to mine. I had been reckless in the past but now I have taken a leaf out of Alan’s book. I have taught myself that it is good to be persistent within a task and dedicate one’s own self whole-heartedly towards a task – as this alone will mean success.

The Law of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Law of Negligence - Essay Example Andrea and Sella often work together. They have both received training which stresses the need to deal with.cases of suspected child abuse with sensitivity, and to be alert to the fact that sexually abused children often show no physical signs of maltreatment. However, they both have very heavy caseloads, as their respective offices are understaffed due to budgetary constraints. Hence they agree between themselves that they will only spend time on cases involving children who display obvious physical signs of abuse. Andrea and Sella keep no notes of the interview, which lasts fifteen minutes. During the course of the interview, Louisa tells them that the games she plays with her father are secret and naughty. However, Louisa gives the appearance of being a happy child who is in good health. Andrea and Sella therefore tell Sandra that they see no reason to take things any further. When she remonstrates with them, Sella tells her that she is being typically hysterical and unreasonable - like all Italians - you just dont understand our culture. Three weeks later, Michael is arrested for raping Louisa and breaking her arm. He is subsequently convicted and sentenced to a term of imprisonment. The staring point is to discuss the basic tenets of the law of negligence. The test for negligence was first established in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson1 which marked the advent of the neighbour test2. The general principle established in this case was that ‘you must not injure your neighbour’. Under the neighbour test all persons have a duty conferred on them to take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which that person ought to reasonably foresee might cause harm to another. Â  

Comments and suggestions Essay Example for Free

Comments and suggestions Essay People at authorities from different branches may need to meet on a regular period. Travel cost for representatives is an additional expense which could be controlled by implementing an internet based intranet. This intranet must have chatting capability which can facilitate online conferences. Authorities no longer need to travel to the main office; instead they can set down in front of their computers, log on to the website and talk to each other like what they do in conventional conferences or meetings. This not only eliminates travel expense, but it also promotes confidence for each person participating the meeting or conferences. Because he is at the same location where he is assigned, he’ll be able to produce situational reports at real time when necessary, and seek previous documents that was not initially told to prepare but was necessary in the meeting proceedings. People who travel might accidentally leave some important documents behind which will only result to unsuccessful participation. File sharing through File Transfer Protocol (FTP) An FTP system included in the internet based intranet can address the problem to achieve fast and reliable file and information sharing among different branches. This is very beneficial in file sharing and retrieval. Company-specific reports generated by the different information management systems installed in different departments can be directed to its FTP system. In this manner, FYC can achieve an organized information storage system. A person authorized to collect reports from different branches no longer need to call all branches simultaneously because the reports can already be retrieved through the FTP system attached to the intranet. Plus, retrieval of these reports can be accessible within a matter of seconds depending on the speed of the internet connection and the size of the files to be retrieved. This type of collection of reports ensures consistency of shared information especially in situations where one form of data or information is required to be disseminated to all branches. All in all, this is an effective time management and communication system for FYC. The ability to post Schedules and Messages This will achieve standardized calendar systems for all branches of FYC. Messages and schedules posted on the site is 99% accurate and safe since you can be sure that this information comes from those persons who are authorized to post it. Posting of messages and schedules once is more reliable than disseminating information through phone calls since an information officer might not consistently disseminate the information at all times. All you have to do is just key-in the information that needs to be posted. Comments and suggestions from different addressee can be posted as a forum thread which will help the top management to address problems that had arising in connection with any communication.

Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley Essay I dont think the reader feels sorry for Victor because if he hadnt have rejected the monster in the first place he wouldnt have been in that situation. In the era the book was written, people were beginning to question Gods existence. Should God be the only creator of life? Should the power of science be able to create people? We found out the answer to this in Frankenstein. Victor tried to create the monster using scientific knowledge and succeeded. However, the end result of the monster was horrific. He was lonely, had no friends, and resorted to killing people. This proves science can not create life and make them fit into the human race. Only God can achieve this and thats the way it should stay. I think the reader sympathizes for the monster because the monster didnt choose to live, Victor did it for him and he only needed somebody to love. I collected the instruments of life around me that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. This quote shows he was searching for something to bring the monster to life, and that it was his decision to do this. At different stages in the story, Victor and the monster are both altruistic and egotistic. To start with, Victor is very altruistic. Whilst developing the monster he was very focused and in some way addicted to his creation. He became increasingly tired and unhealthy as he wasnt looking after himself properly. Sometimes I grew alarmed at the wreck I perceived. This shows he didnt even realise how he was treating himself, and he was alarmed when he realised. This proves he started off to be very altruistic, thinking of others before himself. At the same time he could be egotistic. He didnt think of the monsters feelings, and just focused on achieving his goal, not thinking of the consequences there were to come. Victor claims he was doing it to be useful to my fellow beings. His mother actually sparked the idea and fame and fortune drove him. So he ended up doing it for himself. The monster starts off to be altruistic as he befriends the family and helps them and generally doesnt focus on just himself. He makes adult suggestions unlike Victor who has stubborn childish responses. Victor could have offered friendship and love, but does the complete opposite making him extremely egotistic. However as the story continues it all changes dramatically and Victor and the monster almost swap places. Eager to love and to be loved, the creature is not born evil. Society makes the monster become egotistical. As society keeps on rejecting him, he becomes more and more egotistic and doesnt really care what anyone else thinks anymore. The monster wanted what Frankenstein and so many other humans had and took for granted a place to belong. Loneliness and isolation motivated the monster to turn to destruction. However, this was through no fault of his own. Victor was the first one to reject him therefore, its mainly his fault. When this starts to happen, I think the reader feels sorry for the monster, as he had no other choice but to do this, and become egotistic. On the other hand, Victor becomes more altruistic and begins to think of others. When the monster starts to kill people close to him, I think he realises he needs to do something. Victor does decide to make the creature a bride which was very altruistic, but turns against the idea. Elizabeth, Victor Frankensteins foster sister, plays a crucial part of Frankenstein. Since Victors mother died, Elizabeth played the mother role and was adored. Everyone loved Elizabeth. At many points in the story Victor is saved by the love of Elizabeth. On Frankensteins wedding day, his creature, the monster kills Elizabeth. Her beauty and innocence are greatly emphasized which takes away a lot of sympathy for the monster. When Frankensteins father knows that she was killed, he dies a few days later. What then became of me? I know not; I lost sensation, and chains and darkness were the only objects that pressed upon me. This shows Victor doesnt want to live anymore and doesnt take any notice of the world around him. He didnt have anything to live for, except to get revenge on the monster hed created. How I have lived I hardly know; many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon the sandy plain and prayed for death. But revenge kept me alive. So Victor decides to find the monster and searches for him. He tracks the monster ever northwards into the ice. He then freezes to death and dies, and when the monster finds this out he kills himself. At this point you sympathize for mainly Victor as he never got his revenge but also the monster, as he had such a horrific, lonely life. To conclude there are many different times in which the reader feels antipathy and mainly sympathy for the monster in Frankenstein, which shows he wasnt treated well at all.

Analysis of Docker Technology

Analysis of Docker Technology What is the technology? Docker is a software containerization platform. What does it do and how does it improve upon previous technologies? Docker allows users to run multiple different software packages, including multiple instances of the same piece of software within an isolated virtual container. The behaviour and features are similar to that of running a virtualized operating system, such as allowing isolation from the host machines operating system, the ability to run multiple instances of the same software package simultaneously and the storage of applications in a format that can be transferred between physical machines. Traditional virtualization hypervisors such Hyper-V, ESXi and Xen all rely on each virtualized instance to have their own complete operating system, drivers, libraries and software packages to be installed and running. Docker moves away from this method and instead provides an abstraction layer between the host operating systems kernel and the containerization application. The containerized applications are configured to share the same operating system and libraries. This removes the overhead of running multiple instances of these items reducing system resource utilization. In addition to the performance benefits, Docker maintains the security features provided by virtualization hypervisors. Docker containers are configured to use virtualized network interfaces allowing segregation, VLAN tagging and inter-container networking amongst other features. The Docker container files are self-contained allowing them to be transferred freely between different physical hardware without the need for reconfiguration. This has also led to multiple repositories of Docker containers to be created, allowing the public to upload and share pre-configured open-source software packages. How might it transform computers and devices using it? Tell us some scenarios. By converting from using a traditional virtualized operating based configuration, end users can increase the utilization by running more software on less physical hardware. This in turn will reduce hardware, energy and other related costs and improve efficiency when deploying new software instances. Web hosting services could increase the amount of services existing hardware could provide and increase efficiency when deploying new services. For example, each WordPress installation could be configured in individual containers while accessing a shared SQL database, rather than each installation requiring a full virtualized operating system to be deployed per instance. Software developers can also take advantage of Docker to assist with their development and deployment cycles. Software can be configured and optimized on developers local machines or development servers and be easily transferred to quality assurance teams and finally to production environments. Why is it interesting and important? Docker is an important step forward from traditional virtualization technology. The software has been developed under the open-source Apache License 2.0 allowing anyone to take part in development and to also freely use and modify any components for their own project both personal and commercial providing they follow the licensing requirements in their scenario. By consolidating existing infrastructure energy emissions will be reduced, reducing the carbon footprint of users. Other consumables used in certain operations can also be reduced, such as water in server farm cooling configurations and physical space used allowing more compact configurations. Management and maintenance of software packages can also be improved. If issues are found with particular software version updates, providing the previous container is kept the singular application can be rolled back rather than the entire operating system. What is the device? Ring an IoT connected doorbell What does it do? How would you use it? Tell us some scenarios. Ring is a doorbell with an integrated camera, microphone, speaker, motion sensor and is internet connected via WiFi. By connecting the doorbell to the internet it is able to alert the user via a smartphone app when the doorbell is rung or the motion sensor is triggered. The user can then check the video feed from the door, to determine who is at the door. In response, the user can then choose to activate the speaker function to speak with the person at the door using the smart device, similar to that of a traditional intercom system. The device also saves its video recordings to a cloud service allowing the footage to be viewed anywhere using a compatible smart device. The device can be used in a number of ways. If the user is expecting a parcel and is not at the address at the time of the delivery, they will be alerted on their smart device when the doorbell is rung. Once the user is alerted via their smart device, they can then activate the video feed to confirm who is at the door and then use the speaker to advise the courier to leave the parcel in a safe location. Home security can also be improved by using the device. The video recording functionality will be triggered with any motion near the front door, even if the doorbell is not rung. This footage will then be stored off-site via a cloud storage service. In the unfortunate event of a break in, the intruder will be unable to destroy the footage, which can then be used to assist authorities in subsequent investigations. In addition, some insurance providers may offer reduced insurance premiums when such devices are installed. Briefly outline the devices interesting software/hardware/networking. In what way does computer technology transform or realise the device? Ring is provided with a mobile application that allows the doorbell to be paired with the users iOS or Android based mobile device. The doorbell has an integrated WiFi adapter which is used to connected to the users home WiFi network to provide internet access to the device. This allows the doorbell to provide notifications to the smart device application regardless of if the user is at home on the same network or are located elsewhere, provided they have access to an internet connection. The doorbells integrated motion sensor and camera add further functionality previously not possible. The camera used has been selected for its low-light performance, in combination with infra-red LEDs to provide illumination to the recorded footage without any light being visible to the human eye. This enhances its ability to be an inconspicuous security device. Recorded footage is saved off-site using a cloud storage service. This is used by the mobile application to provide the user with the ability to watch footage while away from their local network and to provide an archive solution without requiring a large amount of local storage. Why is the device an interesting or important example of embodiment? As defined by Professor Tony Hey in his book The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution Butler Lampsons third age of computing is about using computers for embodiment that is, using computers to interact with people in new and intelligent ways This is shown through the Ring doorbell, in the way it allows the user to connect with the outside world in a new way. It provides the user the ability The ring doorbell provides a new way for users to connect with the outside world. It removes the need for a person to be home to accept parcels, it tracks motion which can provide the user with a greater sense of security at home all through the adoption of technology. Week 2 What are the devices? Device 1: Smartwatch Device 2: PC Characterise the computing requirements of the two devices? Device 1: CPU A smartwatch requires a CPU(Central Processing Unit) to process all machine instructions provided by applications and the operating system. Most smartwatches use an ARM architecture CPU. Bluetooth Bluetooth is a networking protocol used for the smartwatch to communicate with the host device (usually a smartphone). NFC NFC (Near Field Communication) is a networking protocol used for communicating with external devices. This is commonly used in contactless payment systems GPS GPS (Global Positioning System) is geolocation system used to provide location data to the device. This is commonly used for maps and navigation systems Battery A custom made lithium-ion battery. Used to provide power to all the components in the device. To recharge the battery either a port is provided to connect the watch to a power source or wireless charging is implemented to provide from a wireless power source Display A display is used to provide visual interface for providing information to the user. Touch interface A touch interface (Also known as a digitizer) is used to allow the user to interact with the smartwatch by touching on the display. Touch screens are commonly used due to the limited space on a smartwatch for other methods of interfacing with the device, such as buttons. RAM RAM (Random Access Memory) is required for the CPU to store data while is processing instructions. RAM is volatile memory and is not used for persistent data storage. Persistent Storage Persistent storage is required to store the operating system, applications and user data. This is commonly a form of NAND flash memory due, as it offers compact storage with no moving parts which could be damaged in a device that is moved during operation. Speaker Speakers are used to provide aural feedback to the user. Microphone A Microphone is used to receive aural data from the users, for example a phone call will require the Sensors There are numerous sensors located on a smartwatch that each monitor a different function.Most smartwatches have an Accelerometer to monitor acceleration, a Barometer to measure atmospheric pressure, a Gyroscope to measure the angle of the device, a Heart Rate monitor to measure pulse and an ambient light sensor to determine the backlight of the screen. GPU The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is used to accelerate the creation of visual elements. This is commonly integrated as part of the CPU in smartwatches due to size constraints. WiFi WiF is a networking protocol used to transmit data in a local network. This is used in a smartwatch to provide network connectivity when the host device (e.g. smartphone) is not available. Device 2: CPU A PC requires a CPU(Central Processing Unit) to process all machine instructions provided by applications and the operating system. Most PCs use an x86 architecture CPU. RAM RAM (Random Access Memory) is required for the CPU to store data while is processing instructions. RAM is volatile memory and is not used for persistent data storage. Persistent Storage Persistent storage is required to store the operating system, applications and user data. This can be a mechanical hard disk drive, utilizing magnetic platters to store data or a solid state disk which uses NAND flash memory to store data. Network Adapter A network adapter is required to connect the PC to a local network. This can be achieved through a range of interfaces including a wired ethernet connection or a wireless WiFi connection. Some systems will have both options available. GPU The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is used to accelerate the creation of visual elements. This can either be integrated into the CPU or can be provided through a discrete graphics adapter, for enhanced performance. USB Ports Power supply A power supply is required to convert mains AC power into DC power required to power the individual PC components. Some PCs (such as laptop computers) may utilize a battery to provide an additional power source Video Ports Audio Ports C. Device 1 Device 2 CPU Physically bigger, more Powerful Can run hotter, active cooling x86 based Physically smaller, slower Must run cooler, no active Cooling Arm based STORAGE Space for multiple drives Mix of mechanical and solid state drives Raid capabilities Solid state storage Physical constraints Less storage NETWORK ADAPTORS Can use wireless or wired connections Must be wireless Wifi Nfc 2. Moores Law Why might Moores Law come to an end soon? Explain based on current technologies. Moores Law was originally conceived in 1965 when Intel co-founder Gordon Moore posted an article about microprocessors. In the article Moore observed that the number of transistors in integrated circuits doubles roughly every 12 months. After 10 years once more data had become available Moore updated his theory from 12 months to 24 months. Intels latest processors are built using a 14 nanometer manufacturing process, however production of Intels next generations of processors with 10 nanometer transistors has already been pushed back by a year. Intel have stated that this was not a one-off occurrence and that they are not able to continue to keep up with the rate they used to. This shows that Moores law is now coming to an end too. One main reason that Moores law slowing down and potentially coming to an end is that its not possible to continue to keep shrinking transistors, while maintaining a functional device at the rate that is required to continue improving at the rate theorized. As MOSFET transistors follows the principles of quantum mechanics, as the transistors shrinks it makes it harder to determine if it is in the 0 or 1 state. The electrons inside the transistor can travel through devices with little resistance, therefore as the transistors get smaller, the resistance also gets lower which eventually lead to quantum mechanical phenomenon described as tunnelling rendering MOSFET based transistors non-functional. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601102/intel-puts-the-brakes-on-moores-law/ http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/the-tunneling-transistor Discuss a new or future technology which might overcome these technological limitations. Instead of trying to find ways to prevent quantum tunneling in transistors, researchers are investigating a new transistor design called TFET or Tunneling Field Effect Transistors. This style of transistor is designed to manipulate when quantum tunneling occurs in a controlled manner. This allows for transistors to be produced at an even smaller scale than MOSFETS can be without quantum tunnelling becoming a negative side-effect. Another advantage of this technology is that has the potential to be implemented in place of MOSFETs without the need for technology that implements them to be completely redesigned due to the similarities between TFET and MOSFET transistors. http://berc.berkeley.edu/tunneling-field-effect-transistors-beyond-moores-law/ https://engineering.nd.edu/news-publications/pressreleases/more-energy-efficient-transistors-through-quantum-tunneling What might be the ramifications if Moores Law comes to an end or slows down? If Moores Law comes to an end or slows down, the rate at which processor performance improves will decrease. This would reduce the rate at which new technologies are developed and would slow innovation in field relying on technology. 3. Non Von Neumann Processors Investigate a non von Neuman processor such as a graphics processor, FPGA or signal processor. How and why is it different from a general purpose CPU such as you might find a phone or PC? An FPGA or Field-programmable gate array is a type of integrated circuit that can be digitally re-programmed after it has been manufactured, unlike for example, the logic within a microcontroller which is hardwired during manufacturing. This It allows the user to program custom digital circuits using hardware description language to suit their requirements. FGPAs are sold without any pre-programmed instructions and are instead sold based on the physical features of the FGPA such as how many logic gates or how much memory it has, making it a very flexible device. As FPGAs can be reprogrammed without any need to change the physical hardware, this lends them to being used heavily in development and prototyping environments. Developers can create and update the logic throughout the development process without the need to purchase new hardware each time a change needs to be made. This is different to hardware such as a x86 CPU which cannot be reprogrammed and only supports the provided instruction sets. http://download.springer.com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/static/pdf/116/bok%253A978-1-4302-6248-0.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4302-6248-0token2=exp=1490752308~acl=%2Fstatic%2Fpdf%2F116%2Fbok%25253A978-1-4302-6248-0.pdf%3ForiginUrl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbook%252F10.1007%252F978-1-4302-6248-0*~hmac=b61cb59b461de816fe408c9ab730e0d9cd6ab12d55885171f66b3c880d9aafaa 3-5 Week 3 OS 1 IBMs z/OS IBM z/OS is a operating system designed to be run solely on IBM mainframe computers. Mainframe computers are large, high-end computers designed specifically for processing large amounts of data, often used by large organizations. IBM describe the key features of the z/OS operating system as its stability, security and high availability (IBM, 2014, para. 1). OS 2 Embedded Linux Embedded Linux is a term used to cover the Linux operating system being used on embedded computer systems. These embedded systems are generally very low-end computers, designed to run a very specific and minimal set of software that are then embedded inside another product, for example they can be found in some models of washing machine to offer further functionality. Linux is described as being flexible and open (Siever et al., 2003, p.1-3) which offers developers to ability to customize it to their exact needs and requirements. Comparison and contrasting Both of these operation systems are designed to run very specific types of workloads. The z/OS mainframe operating system is designed to process and analyse large data sets to provide in-depth insight on the data (IBM, 2015). The operating system is designed to handle very high performance workloads and to run as quick and efficiently as possible. Embedded Linux operating systems are designed to run a very specific workload such a smart TVs interface with as minimal overheads as possible due to the hardware restrictions of the low-power systems that are used in most Embedded Linux implementations (Simmonds, 2015, p.1-12). Both systems are designed to run specific processes, however the z/OS operating system is designed to run processes on high-end hardware on a large scale, whereas the Embedded Linux operating system is most commonly used on low performance hardware on a small scale. Open Source Software Security/Flexibility Open source software gives users the option to modify and adapt software to their needs. As the entire source code is publicly available and the software can be adapted, used within another software package or re-released as a different product, depending on the license type the original developer released the software under (Open Source Initiative, 2016). This also provides security to users, as they can audit the code themselves for security issues and if required patch the source code directly, rather than relying on a third party to find and resolve any potential issues. Cost Licenses for closed source commercial operating systems can range from a few hundred dollars up to thousands of dollars per installation (Microsoft, 2016). This can become very expensive for businesses that rely on a large amount of physical and virtualized operating systems. Open source software has no licensing costs associated with it, which can significantly reduce licensing costs, depending on the use case. This is also applicable to embedded platforms, which are generally designed to have a low cost per unit. Open source software can remove software and operating system licensing costs, helping to maintain a low cost per unit. Operating System Arch Linux a lightweight and flexible LinuxÂÂ ® distribution (Arch Linux, 2017) How are new features developed? New features developed in two main ways. The first of which is by the individual package developers, for example new features to the Netcat package will be developed by the Netcat developer community. Arch Linux package maintainers are then responsible for packaging new releases for the Arch Linux operating system and adding them to the Arch Linux package repository. The second way features are developed are by the Arch Linux developer team (Arch Linux, 2017). The features they develop range from developing and implementing software developed specifically for the operating system, to configuration and modification of third party packages and managing what packages are included and how they are used in the base operating system installation. How do new features make their way into a release? Arch Linux doesnt follow a traditional fixed release cycle, rather it employs a rolling release model (Arch Wiki, 2017) which allows individual components to be updated as soon as they are deemed ready. Packages are updated as soon as the maintainer has deemed the package stable and ready for release, after which it is upload and added to the repository. This model aims to remove the stagnation between fixed releases and instead aims to keep all at their latest releases. References: Arch Linux. (2017). A simple, lightweight distribution. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://www.archlinux.org/ Arch Linux. (2017). Arch Linux Developers. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://www.archlinux.org/people/developers/ Arch Wiki. (2017). Frequently asked questions. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Frequently_asked_questions IBM. (2014). Mainframe operating system: z/OS. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/zosbasics/com.ibm.zos.zmainframe/zconc_opsyszosintro.htm IBM. (2015). IBM z/OS Fueling the digital enterprise. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?subtype=cainfotype=ansupplier=897letternum=ENUS215-267 Microsoft. (2016). Pricing and licensing for Windows Server 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-au/cloud-platform/windows-server-pricing Open Source Initiative. (2016). Licenses and Standards. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from https://opensource.org/licenses Siever, E., Weber, A., Figgins, S. (2003). Linux in a nutshell (4th ed.) Sebastopol, CA: OReilly. Simmonds, C. (2015). Mastering embedded linux programming (1st ed.). GB: Packt Publishing. Week 4 Network 1 WiFi WiFi (also known as Wireless LAN or WLAN) is a network technology designed as a replacement to LAN cabling and is developed around the IEEE 802.11 specification. The IEEE 802.11 specification is the standard dictating the use of the 802.11 radio frequency that WiFi uses to transmit data wirelessly (Tjensvold, 2007). Within the 802.11 specification there are a range of protocols that have been developed, with the current standard being the 802.11ac revision. This specification has support for speeds over 1Gb/s, depending on the antenna configuration in use. The range of a WiFi signal is generally quite short at approximately 20-25 metres depending on obstructions. This makes it good for use in home and business environments where access points can be installed where WiFi signal is required, but makes it a poor choice for larger area networks, such as mobile phone data. WiFi power usage is split between the access point and the client receiving the data. The access point uses significa ntly more power to broadcast the signal than the client device needs to receive it (Zeng, 2014). The latency provided by modern WiFi specifications, such as the 802.11ac revision offers low latency communication between clients and access points. The exact latency the client will note, will be dependant on the band being used (either 2.4GHz or 5Ghz in the case of 802.11ac), obstructions and the amount of antenna in use on the access point. Security of WiFi networks is dependant on how they are configured. A basic home configuration using outdated security technologies such as WEP or WPA1 to authenticate users is at risk of unauthorized users gaining access to the network. WPA2 authentication offers a stronger level of security by implementing the AES-CCMP algorithm. WiFi networks can also be vulnerable to MITM (Man in the middle) attacks, where a potential attacker can attempt to spoof the WiFi network, which clients may unsuspectingly connect to which will then allow the attacker to see any traffic of the connected clients. The effectiveness of this type of attack can be counte racted by ensuring traffic is being transmitted over secure protocols such as HTTPS and SSH, which will render the intercepted data unreadable (Joshi, 2009). Network 2 Bluetooth 4 and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Bluetooth 4 is a short range network technology developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. Bluetooth 4 covers a range of specifications including Bluetooth low energy, Bluetooth High speed and Classic bluetooth. Bluetooth is used for short range personal area (PAN) and ad-hoc networks, primarily in portable devices such as smart phones. Bluetooth devices are classified into 3 classes, depending on the transmission power of the device and the intended usable range. Class 1 devices have 100 mW transmission power and are designed to be used at ranges of up to 100 meters, class 2 devices have 2.5 mW transmission power and are designed for use at up to 10 meters and class 3 devices have 1 mW of transmit power and are only usable at ranges of under 10 meters. Class 1 and 2 are the most commonly used types, with class 1 devices generally being used in desktops, laptops and other devices with a large battery or mains connected power supply. Class 2 devices are generally used in porta ble devices such as smart phones, IoT connected devices and wireless headsets. Class 2 still allows for a usable range while keeping power usage to a minimum (Wright, 2007). The Bluetooth specification has 4 different security modes in which devices can operate. The security mode in which the device will operate will be selected based on the Bluetooth standard in use on both devices. Bluetooth 2.1 and later devices have a mandatory requirement to use security mode 4, proving both devices support it. Service mode 4 forces encryption for all services, providing security for all communications except for service discovery (Padgette, 2012). Compare and contrast fibre optic and wireless technologies within the context of a National Broadband Network (NBN) for Australia. Fibre Optic (FTTP) The National Broadband Network (NBN) provides a range of connection types with fibre optic technology being utilised in multiple service types including fibre to the premises (FTTP), fibre to the node (FTTN) and fibre to the distribution point (FTTdp) (NBN, 2017). Fibre optic connections use a optical fibre cable that uses light to transmit data. This type of cable transmits data faster, further and with a lower latency than the traditional copper cable which transmits data by electrical impulses. As this technology relies on a physical connection to the premises it is not practical to utilize this technology for remote locations, however for areas with higher population densities supplying broadband via FTTP is more practical as the cost per premises is decreased and reduces load on wireless services. Fibre optic cable is not affected by signal degradation as significantly as copper cabling and is therefore able transmit data across long distances more effectively . As the cable transmits data by light pulses the cable is resistant to any noise and ground vibrations interrupting or degrading the signal. Fibre optic cable is also able to supply much higher bandwidth connections (Malaney, 2010), with NBN already offering 1Gbps products to service providers, although this product is not currently being on-sold to consumers due to factors including demand and pricing accordin

A Media Specialist’s Role in the Research Process :: Librarians Library Media Specialist Role Essays

A Media Specialist’s Role in the Research Process When settlers from the East planned to â€Å"go West,† they faced many challenges. Becoming hopelessly lost was likely. Starvation was a possibility. Floods threatened total destruction. Settlers needed an experienced guide to lead them to their destination. When students begin research projects, they face similar challenges—although the challenges are intellectual rather than physical. They can become hopelessly lost as they try to follow Internet links from one site to another. They can be starved for good information. They can be flooded with note cards that contain bland and useless facts. Students need a guide. They need a school librarian who can lead them along the trail of solid, meaningful research. The librarian must understand the student’s assignment, assist with locating helpful resources, and know the basic processes for writing a research paper. Understanding the student’s research project assignment requires conducting a reference interview. In the Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science by Joan M. Reitz, a reference interview is defined as â€Å"the interpersonal communication that occurs between a reference librarian and a library user to determine the person’s specific information need(s), which may turn out to be different than the reference question as initially posed.† The key to this interview is good communication initiated by the librarian. Before any exchange of information takes place, an â€Å"attitude† exists. â€Å"How the student perceives his or her question will be received† (Riedling) contributes to the overall tone of the interview. The librarian must provide an atmosphere that is comfortable for the student to seek information. In addition to the physical surroundings, the librarian must use both verbal and nonverbal skills to encourage the student. According to Riedling, nonverbal strategies include â€Å"physical gestures, posture, facial expressions, tone of voice, and eye contact.† The media specialist must ask open questions and practice active listening, while utilizing other verbal skills including â€Å"remembering, restating, paraphrasing, closure, and inclusion.†(Underdown) The librarian must determine just what sort of information is needed and the depth that is required. The process is accurately summed up by Riedling’s statement â€Å"that a successful reference interview is one in which the student feels satisfied that you have given personal attention and accurate information.

Religion in Singapore Essay -- Religion, Asian History

INTRODUCTION The major religions of the world are no longer distant from us. They are now closer to us than we can conceive; our neighbors, schools, offices and market places. These beliefs and faiths are much a part of our everyday lives, which make it important for us to have a clear view of our history, teaching, customs and traditions, so we can better relate to people who profess them. In this research paper, I endeavor to make a small, but intensive contribution and bring to light religious history on Singapore. The philosophy of religion is different to various people. But in all we can say that religion is a set of beliefs and practices of a particular individual or group of people or sects. In any nation or society, people have a caboodle of cultural structure, belief structure and world views that create symbols that relate to spirituality and moral values. Many religions have symbols and traditions, passed in from generations down that are intended to give life a meaning or explain its origin. Many countries if not all have their own religion. Some practice one, others two and many others are known for their polygamous religions. Among these countries, we have Singapore. There are many religions in Singapore considering the fact that many ethnic groups exist. That is to say, there are many religions in Singapore as a result of their different beliefs. It is home to ten religions. Coming into Singapore, the first thing you will notice the diversity of its citizens.. Singapore is an uncommon but corporeal sample of a nation where people from different facets of life, live together, irrespective of their tribe or religion, without fear or favor. As a matter of fact freedom of worship is topm... ...ment/Government-Restrictions-Index-(GRI).aspx "Religion in Singapore." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Ethno-religious Conflicts." Dawodu.Com - Premier Site Dedicated to Nigeria's Socio-Political and Economic Issues since 1998. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. http://www.dawodu.com/adeyemi3.htm 8 http://app.www.sg/who/31/Pre-Colonial-History.aspx Asiaweb . n.d. 3 december 2011 . buddha dharma production. 1996. 16 november 2011 . Guruswamy, Rekha. live.com. n.d. 16 october 2011 . Pew forum. 17 2009 december. 17 november 2011 . Straits Times. 20 Janurary 2009. . Wikipedia. n.d. october 2011.

Introduction to Fiction Final Paper :: English Literature Essays

Introduction to Fiction Final Paper Introduction: I will try to show that Fenstad's mother is going through a change during this story. At first she is described as a strong independent woman very active social in control of things. She is not accepting things as they are she tries to change the things that seem wrong to her. However, gradually we are starting to see her as an old woman who hates her age. A woman, who has a hard time excepting her age and all the downsides of it, a woman whose physical condition is parallel to her mental and emotional state, who needs help doing things which young people do without any effort. It seems that during the story Fenstad and his mother change places. Once he was dependent on her and now gradually we see that she is more and more dependent of her son. Fenstad's mother is gradually going through the process of accepting her age and the changes she is going trough consequently. It is difficult for her at first however eventually she stops being preoccupied with the past and what she once was. She comes to terms with her life and learns to appreciate and enjoy the little (simple) pleasures of life, like music. The name of this fiction story is Fenstad's Mother, the word mother is written with a capital letter which sometimes can mean a woman in charge of some community. This description is suitable for her character as it is described at the beginning of the story. Clara Fenstad's going to her son's class, meeting the people that took this class, listening to them and being loved and appreciated by them helps her through this period. One of this people influenced her very much and was responsible for one of the various changes she went through. The fact that Fenstad's mother learned to accept him as he made them closer and happier. Fenstad's Mother: At the beginning of the story Fenstad's mother is shown like a strong and active woman. She is very much involved in the things that happen around her. She is progressive and social. "Fenstad's mother was a life long social progressive" (p.115). She is not taking seriously her sons churchgoing, "was amused by her son's churchgoing. She had spent her life in the company of rebels and deviationists, and she recognized all their styles." (p.115). She is very logical and attentive, "She glanced down at his trousers, damped with melted snow. "You've been skating" "(p.116) she is aware of her son's habits, but not necessary approves of them. She sneers her son's behavior and looking for slips in it.

Walden Theme

I believe that the overall message or theme of the novel Walden was to be simplistic. In his section â€Å"Economy† he stated that the feeling of dissatisfaction with one's possessions can be fixed In two ways; one might require more to fulfill the emptiness, or one might reduce their desires to achieve satisfaction. I think that this Is a true statement because you don't need everything In life to be happy. You could have the bare necessities and live your life with the same Joy as someone that Is successful and needs everything expensive to make them happy.It is all about your perspective on how you want to live your life. Another example that went along with the theme of simplicity was when he talked about other residents that were going through life Just trying to make mortgages and payment to all the new things that they own and still wanting the newest fashion trend. On the other hand Thoreau decided that he wanted to live his life differently he took another path that w as indeed the simple life. He left society and lived in the woods to live this certain lifestyle.If he ever came long a time that he needed new clothes, he Just patched them instead of getting the latest fashion and he only wanted the necessary accessories. He thought If you bought something that wasn't needed to survive everyday life was Just a disadvantage of living life to Its fullest. Think of the last time you went shopping for groceries. Did you Just buy what you needed or did you buy other things that you could live without? Do you really need that pack of gum to survive?Most likely you didn't need that pack of gum, cigarettes or zebra cakes. You could just buy what you absolutely need and still live. This is what Walden wanted most people to see is that you can live a simple life with only the necessities and be happy with how you have fulfilled your life. To live this simple life Thoreau built his own shack and actually owned it instead of having a house that was owned by a bank because of a mortgage. Because he didn't have all the big payments he was able to afford other things that he needed.He did say that those that have larger, more Impressive possessions actually have less when you compare them to his possessions. They might have a nice car but he has his life and all that It contains and doesn't have to worry about others taking It away because they can't pay for it. The last thing that I would like to say about the theme simplicity, is that he definitely lived a very simple life but he didn't do the same for his writing style. Thoreau writing in this book was complicated and filled with quotes, puns and double meanings that were not at all simple.He wrote this book in such a way that it was a little hard to read and understand the point he was trying to get across, but we ere able to accomplish it and at least understand a little bit of it. Overall, since I think that the theme of this book was to be simplistic I think that Thoreau achieved hi s goal in living a simple life and making his life be filled to the fullest. I also think that If he were still alive today and had the chance to see how many people are still reading his novel that he would be surprised. I bet he didn't think that his book was going to be as successful as It Is.Thoreau lived his life the way that he wanted and it was to be as simple as it could be. In his section â€Å"Economy' he stated that the feeling of dissatisfaction with one's possessions can be fixed in two ways; one might require more to fulfill the emptiness, or one might reduce their desires to achieve satisfaction. I think that this is a true statement because you don't need everything in life to be happy. You could have the bare necessities and live your life with the same Joy as someone that is successful latest fashion and he only wanted the necessary accessories.He thought if you bought something that wasn't needed to survive everyday life was Just a equidistant of living life to i ts fullest. Think of the last time you went shopping for didn't need that pack of gum, cigarettes or zebra cakes. You could Just buy what you He did say that those that have larger, more impressive possessions actually have has his life and all that it contains and doesn't have to worry about others taking it away because they can't pay for it. Fullest. I also think that if he were still alive today and had the chance to see how think that his book was going to be as successful as it is. Thoreau lived his life the

Everything Happens for a Reason †Jumakha Essay

nightimes good deal come into your have sexness and you get by right away that they were meant to be there. They serve up some sort of purpose ,teach you a lesson or help figure go forth who you are or you want to become. You neer know who these people may beyour roommates,your neighour,professor,long lost friend, neckr or even a complete stranger who,when you lock eyeball with them,you know that very moment that they willing happen upon your life in some profound way. And sometimes things happen to you and at the time they seem horrible,painful and unfair,but in thoughtfulness you realize that without overcoming those obstacles you would neer have cognize your potential,strength,will power of heart. Everything happens for a reason.Nothing happens by be spillage or by means of estimable or bad-luck.Illness,injury,love,lost moments or true impressiveness and sheer stupidity all hap to test the limits of the soul. Without these small tests,if they be events,illnesses or relationships,life would be like a bland paved,straight,flat road to nowhere.Safe and comfortable but weaken and utterly pointless.The people you meet who affect your life and successes and downfalls you experience,they are the ones who create who you are. flush the bad experience bathroom be learned fromThose lessons are the hardest and probably the or so important ones If someone hurts you,betrays you,or breaks your heart set free them,for they have helped you learn about want and the important of being cautious to whom you inconsiderate your heart. If someone loves you,love them back unconditionally,not only because they love you,but because they are teaching you to love and break your heart and eyesto things you would have never seen or felt without them.Make both day count.Appreciate every moment and gull from it everything that you possibly can,for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people you have never talked to before,and actually listen,let yourself fall in love,break free and set your sights high. You can make of your life anything you wish.Create your own life and then go out and live it.I wish you all the best in your endeavors as well as endeavors in life.Have a fighting spirit and never hestitate to get back in the struggle

Power and Knowledge Essay

Poststructuralism as star of the coetaneous policy- do doctrine pass on its popularity because of its theme assumptions that veered place from the handed-down structuralist withdrawing. The nominate of the reincarnation scholars to comprise e trulything including temper by room of the use of fellowship oddly scientific cognition did non strain oft fame in this juvenile degree Celsius. structural linguistics although it offers practic completelyy(prenominal) in spirit how origins go tod as scattered of a mixer administration melt down to remember that conjunction could admit the side-by-case with the attention of science. However, the thoughts of dung bee Lyotard, Michel Foucault and blue jean-Luc Nancy turn out early(a)wise.The ambition of horrible theorists to flux fellowship and shape a co-ordinated complaisant dust is the very view that most coetaneous theorists avoid. preliminary to the attainment of poststructuralism, new s on maturatency and noesis is endlessly a singularity imbiben at bottom the structures and non both(prenominal)thing that e patchates from the single(a), this structure-agency pendulum continues to juggle theorists. geomorpho ratiocinative functionalists meand that societal structures much(prenominal) as religion, culture, and organization al sensationnessow intemp whilete limit oer the fewbody(a) fragmentizeicularly in their benignantisation process.Talcott Parsons (1951) for sheath, spirit clubhouse as the affectionate ashes dissever by sub clays that dupe special functions. from each whizz sort of purchase rules of order functions and realises vulgar mutualness in that respectfore put forwarding the desir equal to(p)ness of full-page complaisant strategy(Parsons 1951). The coeval goernmental school of thought outdoorss a atomic pile of venues in analyzing ordering with proposing meta narratives. more(prenominal) tha n of the themes of ultra innovative thinkers would be on the here and nows of advance(a)ity, globalisation among early(a)s. Topics on prop unmatchablent and familiarity be on the get onton devil of the staple fibre breaks that philosophers constantly argon gaining interest.It come throughs a ikon on how the culture of cognition modify federal agency transaction in coetaneous hostelry. innovational- mean solar daylight semi goernmental ism as it is sophisticated by the publications of tierce philosophers menti integrityd in the preceding paragraph, aim at business office and companionship in a unlike light. Before, the scholars would think that the ripening of familiarity is in a continuum and that indicator is exerted by institutions to the individual as if indi ceaset has a snapper or a contumacious point. In modern political school of thought ace faeces get wind that the reference work of king comes from versatile agencies,and the assay quality of forefinger is in each conference. precedent is non still(prenominal) unmistakable on political apparatus, on the spectral order or on the mental corporation unless causation is expectn on either(prenominal) arrays of day-by-day existence. Our day to day cordial transaction ar motive sex acts. sensation of the modern thinkers who would usage much sequence in discussing military unit is Foucault. nearly thinkers conveyed him as a poststrcuturalist or a postmodernist thinker, because of the liquid of his ideas. Moreover, in that location atomic number 18 critics who accuse him of relativism because of his workableness favors, intersubjectivity, the straggly method, deal among other(a)s.Foucault (2002) did not suggests a of import military group or a comforting matchless and solitary(prenominal)(a) that genius place settle for illustration in an despotical connection, quite an in face at purchase order, i could th ink pockets of spring or a decentralize unmatched flood tide from variant treats. On the other hand, in his hypothesis of cognition i gage see its disagreement from Descartes Cogito. cogitate as the cardinal principle of the understanding period, did not flee the inspect of Foucault. In his fad and acculturation (1965) he examined that d wiz account expressment, alienation became an wile that would serve as the gelid of fence.With the interpretation on rabidity as non-rational or irrational, it justifies the case of reason during the prescience period. save by dint of and through its binary star impedance which is madness rout out reason live on its indexfulness. The experience of the diligent with the teaching of psychopathology in delirium and refining (1965) as well served as a unfavorable judgment that purports at how modern corporation manifests the equal characteristics as that ace fuel run a risk in the adjust of psych iatry. on that point atomic number 18 discordant means by which confederation gos the individual. Foucault discussed that in the modern era, engagementment major creator indispens skill not of necessity be bestial and obvious. champion and only(a) drill is his idea of penalty as a pass on of deviating from the norm. Foucault in matter an avenge (1977), discussed in what manner whirl as a coordinate of penalty in the eighteenth century was alter by hold back. With the surrender of the prison, charitable of of assail the corporeal consistency the institution steep discipline as a radiation pattern of punishment. This feature of the prison, and flush the yield of the clinic shows how easily modern parliamentary law is change state more dictator and all of these ar possible because of the variant familiarity that masses believe as received and righteous during their times.Foucault in his archaeology of experience (2002) look at historic d eveloping not in a continuum because he did not believed in a matching treat as proposed by epicurean narratives such(prenominal) as that of the Parsonian possible action. What angiotensin converting enzyme mountain see through history atomic number 18 motley realities, be what he called discontinuities. untold of his theory of effect and companionship could to a fault be seen in the tarradiddle of grammatical gender (1990) wherein he is not implicated in cozyity per se, that in spirit at the primal fence within the intercourse of sexuality. term in the early periods, edict smother is sexuality, this charitable of hold forth level off propagates it. The more that troupe for instance crush homosexuality, the more that heap perplex fire in exploring the topic. In the business traffichip of sex (1990)), he sees the bilateral cross sex act of spring and association. single ideal is the variant meanings that alliance place on sexual social intercourses such as traffic out of espousals and the one allowed by the clubhouse. These definitions creates divisions in golf club, thence usage index number over the individual through social norms.By propagating a certain(a) diversity of familiarity, this could contract to a place relation in the midst of groups. The one who is in reassure of noesis result wherefore do cater to the other group. However, it mustiness(prenominal) be extend that the reciprocal relation of business leaderfulness and noesis is not restore rather it modify through both discourse. by from Foucault, blue jean Lyotard to a fault contributes to the parameter on the kinship of violence and association. In his book, the postmodernist contour (1979) Lyotard mentioned that the transmutation of hunting lodge into industrialize and tortuous system leads into the redefinition of the personality of experience.In young societies, the queen of the capitalists to open t he commercialise leads to the hesitation that, what kind of noesis is pleasurable or is trustworthy provided that thither atomic number 18 a cope of choices. Lyotard(1979) sees the labyrinthineities in modern times because when one looks at it, it is in no bimestrial a headspring of unsubdivided authenticity of fellowship but a oppugn of who has the queen to go under what is pleasant or legitimate. In addressing the uncertainties of knowledge, Lyotard suggests that one should employ the economic value of speech the aforesaid(prenominal) nomenclature game.How evict masses call the kindred oral communication provided that at that place ar variant ways of learning things? Lyotard believes that one must contextualize, and in this part he adopts Wittgensteins voice communication game. By contextualizing, the person should be cognisant of the rules beforehand making healthy actions. Lyotard believes that to be able to discerp knowledge in modern-day a ssociation, one must knock over what kind of society it is situated. The split surrounded by Parsonian theory and that of Marxism bequeath emphatically aid in feeling at the enigma of knowledge. ab initio one allow for settle down whether to maintain the stead quo or radically transfer it.Because of the ability of dustup to cling society through communication, Lyotard favors this c clusterh in addressing the issue of knowledge in the postmodern era. greatly influenced by Heidegger on the other hand, Jean -Luc Nancy (1991) believed that we be propel into the ball thusly we should not cuss on paragon for our existence. coeval society check to him is becoming more jumbled in the sniff out that the consonant relation in tralatitious society is modify into a Gordian society where at that place ar a smokestack of uncertainties. Uncertainties ar brought by the unintentional consequences of modernity.With the approaching of globalization, the unkindly and neatly fix alliance is transform into a complex one. maculation some thinkers consider the education of society into industrialise one as beneficial, until now at that place are paradoxes to this rationality. Nancy in his opinion of community go over the appalling compute of some societies to create a well-planned system such in the case of the collectivist state where it only leads to violence. untold of the discussions of contemporary political philosophy dwells on how you enkindle square off the discourse on military unit as a consequence of the collection of knowledge.The accidental consequences of mans look to for knowledge and the break of knowledge into its umpteen forms leads to different spring relations. These power relations are seen on every(prenominal) neighborhood of life, on every discourse in society. It is of the essence(p) to line of work that in the digest of power, power lies to those who let control over knowledge, and in this age of development applied science where at that place is an clear finger to all forms of knowledge, it is only logical to think that power is distributed indeed decentralized. musical composition the contemporary era provide a lot of alternatives,undeniably there are consequences that not even scientific knowledge toilette calculate. only the collect for further knowledge continues because on a lower floor those ideas there you can perpetually find power. dissimilar forms of power operates on every domain of life. These are the fascinations of philosophers of the ordinal century.