Ultra Orthodox versus Secular Jews among the Israeli Term Paper

Free Essays on American Flag

you are stating implies? I realize I do mean what I state, and I accept each word that comes out of my mouth, regardless of whether I composed what I am stating or not, it has outrageous significance to me, as it ought to all of us. The historical backdrop of the banner is a stunning one, and we find out about when we are in center school, however I don’t think we recall how significant it is all through our secondary school years. The thirteen stripes represent the initial thirteen settlements. These settlements are what made us what we are without today people. Each star speaks to all of the brilliant states that make up our nation. Each state is dealt with similarly, similarly as each star is made with a similar measure of focuses, and similar estimations. The history is imperative to know, yet it is significantly progressively essential to regard the banner, and to have motivation to try and take a gander at it. On the off chance that your not recalling that somebody who is battling for the nation, or how we are fortunate to be free as are we, at that point for what reason would you even try taking a gander at it, and saying the Pledge of Allegiance? Commemoration Day has quite recently passed, and everybody was waving an American Flag, yet, it appears this is one of the main days that individuals really recollect that anybody or anything that has occurred in the nation. It is the main day that you will see a banner on each person’s house, and it is the main day that you will see kids being trained why we are largely home together on Memorial Day. It is the main day that they will learn of the individuals who fough... Free Essays on American Flag Free Essays on American Flag Opportunity. History. Pride. Everybody has an alternate significance for the banner, and every single one of us has an alternate inclination when we gaze toward it. Regardless of whether it is standing up each day in school to discuss the Pledge of Allegiance since you need to, or whether it is really having regard for our nations banner, an importance is there. Consider it, when you state the Pledge of Allegiance, do you truly mean each word you state? Do you by any chance know what you are genuinely saying? Do you know what the words you are stating implies? I realize I do mean what I state, and I accept each word that comes out of my mouth, regardless of whether I composed what I am stating or not, it has extraordinary importance to me, as it ought to all of us. The historical backdrop of the banner is an astounding one, and we find out about when we are in center school, however I don’t think we recollect how significant it is all through our secondary school years. The thirteen stripes represent the initial thirteen provinces. These settlements are what made us what we are sans today people. Each star speaks to all of the heavenly expresses that make up our nation. Each state is dealt with similarly, similarly as each star is made with a similar measure of focuses, and similar estimations. The history is essential to know, however it is much progressively critical to regard the banner, and to have motivation to try and take a gander at it. On the off chance that your not recalling that somebody who is battling for the nation, or how we are fortunate to be free as are we, at that point for what reason would you even try taking a gander at it, and saying the Pledge of Allegiance? Dedication Day has quite recently passed, and everybody was waving an American Flag, yet, it appears this is one of the main days that individuals really recall that anybody or anything that has occurred in the nation. It is the main day that you will see a banner on each person’s house, and it is the main day that you will see youngsters being trained why we are on the whole home together on Memorial Day. It is the main day that they will learn of the individuals who fough...

History of a Technology

History of a Technology Social History of a Technology Cell Phone (Part II) Home›Technology Posts›Social History of a Technology Cell Phone (Part II) Technology PostsThe use of cell phone technology has tremendously grown over the years. This technology has reached a very high societal penetration than what the fixed telephones lines have achieved within the hundred-year period since its inception into the market. It is worth noting that most growth has been achieved in Europe and South East Asia, the regions considered to be more traditional (Lorente 2002). The use of the cell phone technology has easily penetrated into different social classes thus changing sociological lifestyle and interactions.This technology is heavily dependent on the social interactions and the interrelations within a given society. This has been a major force in the adoption of the use of the cell phones. People do have a tendency of owning a new product in the market with a feeling of being the pioneers. This explains why t he cell phones were owned by a few when they were rare. These people never owned them entirely for communication but for social class. Very few people really made calls using them.The adoptions of the mobile phones have been fuelled by the social reasons. Most of these factors emanate from outside an individual. These include the social expectation from friends, peers and even the family members. They expect you to own a cell phone because they have one. One therefore has no choice but to buy one. Another factor supporting this is the fact that the incoming calls and the Short Messaging Services have to be answered prompting one to always have a cell phone. People can easily exchange information in terms of SMS. Group meetings can also be easily convened via Short Messaging Services.Studies show that the usage patterns of this technology among the adolescent have been influenced by the collective norms. Many acquire a mobile phone because ‘other friends have it’ and also because it is ‘cool’. This is the age group that has enthusiastically embraced the use of the mobile phones among all the demographic groups. This group has a tendency of adopting products that are status symbols or a product that identifies them with a specific group. Mobile phones have enhanced entertainment industry through music and features which allows for the download of music from the internet. Teenagers can also access their easily through cell phones and thus expand their social networks (Hurrelmann 1995: 163).The traditional telephone was majorly used by professionals for business. It later turned out that the major users were the women who used this technology for their gossips. Due to the revolution and the development of the mobile technology, this industry now heavily depends on the adolescent who use it for SMS and exchange of voice massages.Cell phone remains the only garget that has personalized involvement with much emotionality. Its development has enabled people to access the personalized services within their own mobile phones. These include wallpapers, ring tones, internet access and so on. Lifestyle has been changed due to these developments. This is why it has been widely accepted and embraced than the television sets, digital cameras and VCRs. The fact that one can access internet through a cell phone has made possible for people to develop social networks. Some brands of cell phones enable one to access radio and television services.Easy integration into the society has been enhanced by the use of cell phones. This has been very obvious in the youths. Their interactions with other peers help them to learn more about others in preparation to get to the society. This has been particularly important to those who stay with their parents and are soon to leave them. Through the phone, they find an opportunity to start interacting with the society.This has led to many children escaping from the influence of their parents. They shift their focu s to the larger societal culture for more information. These children join in the activities that are done by other peers and the rest of the society. In America, this has led to a culture known as ‘child culture’. Using the mobile phones, the young can easily connect to each other at any time even as they access other peer group members. These kids are really exposed to a variety of choices that influence their future lives. There various games in the mobile phones which keeps one busy.Families who rely on agriculture have been able to improve their income due to the development of the cell phone technology. Most of these farmers have subscribed to the messaging services with the service providers where they receive updates on how to apply new productive farming methods. These include the types of manure or fertilizers to be used. The effects of these have resulted into high yields of the produce. Market prices of the produce have also been regulated through the use of mobile p hones. One only needs to call what the price of a commodity is in another place in order to set a price. This has immensely reduced the losses of the produce prices. Discrepancies in the prices of the commodities have also been controlled through the ease of communication by mobile phones. The profits made have improved living standards of individual families and at the same the government gets the revenue for the national interest.The development of third-generation (3G) and the fourth-generation (4G) mobile phone networks have even come forth with more application to the users. The phones produced are more sophisticated but still affordable. One of the major applications so far is the mobile financial services. This is also known as ‘m-money’ or ‘m-banking’. The services provided include using the mobile phone to send money to other people, pay the bills, and deposit money into bank accounts.This service has been developed in the developing countries. One of them is Kenya, where M-Pesa mobile service was introduced in 2007 to provide the above services. By 2009, M-Pesa had 8 million subscribers using this service (Communications Commission of Kenya 2009). This drastically changed the lives of many Kenyans. Those who could not reach banks due to distance can simply go to an M-Pesa agent at the local market and deposit or withdraw the money. Payment of bills has become easy as one does not need to carry cash with him. This has really helped the people due to the previous low level of financial development (Aker, 2008).Election campaigns have also been done by the use of mobile phone. This has been used by the aid of the mobile service providers where information is sent or forwarded to the subscribers to convince them to vote for a given candidate. This technology has also been used in election monitoring. The agents and observers use them to verify the authenticity of the results remitted.  Ghana used this method and this led to a very peaceful elect ion unlike in Kenya where the lack of this system led to the post-election violence thus destabilizing the whole country. They had to start rebuilding again after ethnical violence which led to the internal displacement of people (IDPs).In conclusion, it should be noted that the development of the mobile phones have changed the sociological aspect of the society. The benefits are immense across the globe. Lives have been changed, economies have grown and this will continue as long as the technology is with us.

Different Directors Perspectives in King Lear Essay

All texts can be read and understood, interpreted and represented in many different ways according to the views of the responder and their context. Many different interpretations of â€Å"King Lear† have been made, each valuing and highlighting different aspects and themes of the play. It is necessary for these interpretations to be made and adapted in order for â€Å"King Lear† to have relevance within the context of the society. Each interpretation of the text extracts and concentrates on certain ideas, issues, themes, values of the play, altering the way the play is received amongst audiences and critics. Shakespeares tragedy King Lear can be interpreted in many ways and many responses. The imprecision’s and complication of the play has led†¦show more content†¦The changeable use of voice by the actor in this production was used to show his volatile character. Critics of this early play comment on the straight-faced that Lear conveys while asking the question â€Å"which one of you, shall we say, doth love us most?† The replies from Gonerill and Regan are given an absurdist notion by the bizarre over-reactions. Their realistic language is contrasted to their two-faced body language. The plot of the play, from confusion to order was designed in similarity with the set. The stage gradually worn out until during the last scene it spears as an earthquake had struck. Lear’s costume also deteriorated at the same time with his character. He began the play in rich robe that distinguishes him as King however later his costume changed to leather and boots and by the last scene he was dressed in rags. This erosion of appearance conveys quick emotional, mental break down. Also Lear’s frustrated and dissatisfied facial expression made this more suggestive to the audiences own explanation. The storm scene in King Lear is one of the most involving scenes the play. During this scene Shakespeare gives the storm as a personality and it echoes Lear’s inner confusion. It allows Lear to grow a sense of human weakness and humbleness. Brook’s interpretation of the storm scene remains consistent with his simple Shakespearean techniques. Wobble boards and symbols are used for thunder andShow MoreRelatedReality and Illusion4098 Words   |  17 PagesReality versus Illusion Texts: Life of Pi King Lear Heavenly Creatures Blade Runner Pans Labyrinth Research Questions: 1. How does each character’s situation influence their perception or ideas of reality versus illusion? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the main character’s situation in each text? 3. What insights relating to reality and illusion can be gained from each text? Resources: Title: Life of Pi Author: Yann Martel Question 1: Pi survives his ordealRead MoreAnalysis Of Akira Kurosawa ( 1910-1998 )1411 Words   |  6 PagesAkira Kurosawa (1910-1998) was one of Japan’s most important film directors of the twentieth century. His work spanned over fifty years and included a broad range of genres from historical epics to gangster dramas. His films not only told interesting stories but also broke new ground. Many of his innovations were technical, such as his use of the long lens, his penchant for shooting with multiple cameras, and his virtuosic editing. Other innovations were tied to his emphasis on details within hisRead MoreFilm Analysis : Akira Kurosawa s Samurai Films1672 Words   |  7 Pagestechnique. Before Kurosawa, multiple film directors stuck with the same skill, they did not think outside the box. But Kurosawa went outside the box and his outcome proved greater than if he had stayed in the box. His brilliant use of imagery and cinematic techniques resulted in many audiences from the West. Eventually, his films rose through popularity gaining impact on the film industry. In the 1900’s, Akira Kurosawa’s samurai films influenced directors with his cinematography, editing style andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,† and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. 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The Orson Welles we all know was an American writer, director, producer, and actor. He was known for his innovative productions, unique voice and personality, and was acclaimed as one of the most successful artist ofRead MoreExistentialism : What s It All About And Who Cares?3875 Words   |  16 Pages(1908 – 1961), Sartre (1905 – 1980), de Beauvoir (1908 – 1986), Camus (1913 – 1960), Beckett (1906 –1989). A religious perspective was adopted by Kierkegaard (1813 – 1855) and Dostoyevsky (1821 – 1881); and Tillich (1886 – 1965), Barth (1886 – 1968) and Marcel (1889 – 1973) are explicitly â€Å"theological† Existentialists. Many Existential themes are explored in the films of director Bernardo Bertolucci (such as â€Å"Before the Revolution† of 1964); and psychiatrist R D Laing (1927 – 1989) defines psychosisRead MorePlay Macbeth11979 Words   |  48 PagesAt the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king. 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He becomesRead MoreDuchess Of Malf Open Learn10864 Words   |  44 PagesDescription This is a colour photograph of a printed title page. The text on it, centred and in a variety of lettering, reads: ‘The Tragedy of the Dutchesse of Malfy. As it was Presented privatly, at the Black-Friers; and publiquely at the Globe, By the Kings Majesties Servants. The perfect and exact Coppy, with diverse things printed, that the length of the Play would not beare in the Presentment. Written by John Webster. Hora – Si quid – Candidus Imperti si non his utere mecum. London. Printed by Nicholas

Alcohol and Sports Performance Essay example - 2074 Words

Alcohol and Sports Performance The effects that alcohol carries out on the human body are numerous. The majority of the effects are immediate but some of the effects are long term. The main effects are seen right away with intoxication, blurred vision, slurred speech, reduced reaction time, and impaired muscle control to name a few. The long-term effects can harm the person much greater than the short-term effects. Consistent alcohol abuse can lead to several diseases that destroy the body and its functions. Athletes spend countless hours trying to maximize their performance and potential. When alcohol effects the body severely and detrimentally on a cellular level the athlete is compromised. One of the biggest threats to the†¦show more content†¦They suggest to rehydrate with water at the end of the night and keep yourself busy during the night to prevent excessive consumption. And above all the article suggests being a designated driver so that you don’t har m your body and you are able to watch over your teammates’ safety. Austin: The following article suggests that a low dose of alcohol after athletic performance would not impact the athlete. Basically meaning that alcohol consumption after an athletic event or after exercise would not induce any muscle damage in the athlete. It has been said that acute alcohol consumption after exercise or an athletic weakens the skeletal muscles enough to produce muscle damage which leads to injury. This study was done to see if the effect is directly related to the amount of alcohol consumed after the exercise or event. The study focused mostly on low dosages and losses in muscular performance during an eccentric work phase. The subjects for this study were ten healthy male adults. They were to perform 300 maximal eccentric contractions of the quadriceps. While they were inducing this contraction their leg was placed on an isokenitic dynamometer to insure that the results were exact. After they performed the contractions, five of them were randomly chosen to drink an alcoholic beverage at a controlled volume. The beverage was vodka and orange juice. The remaining five were to drink a non-alcoholic beverage, also at a controlled volume. Two weeks later theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe phenomenon of the blood doping in professional sports is not new; however, it remains prevalent in sports culture. With new techniques being designed to avoid detection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentivesRead MoreEffect of Sporting Activities on Teenagers1088 Words   |  5 Pages Teens participating in sport activities have become more active, however, this does not prevent them from staying out of trouble. These activities require lots of training and contain many games in the season. During the ages of thirteen to seventeen, many teens develop changes in their behavior and dreams of having their freedom. Teens who have behavior problems are affected the most and they would do drastic and dramatic things in these years. How does this relate to the argument that teens participatingRead MoreWhy Athletes Are Becoming An Elite Athlete909 Words   |  4 Pagesletes will tell you from a young age that they aspire to be the best in the sport that they do. Whether its making it to that Division one school or becoming an elite athlete in the professional sense, where the individual now earns a living from playing said sport. 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Implementing random drug tests for athletes will create aRead MoreAlcohol as an Ergogenic Aid1082 Words   |  5 PagesAndrew Aluko March 28, 2011 Sports and Nutrition Professor Saullo Alcohol and Athletics Alcohol, more specifically ethyl alcohol or ethanol, is a depressant that provides 7 kCal of energy per gram, and is the most abused drug for athletes and non-athletes in the United States. Prior to my research on alcohol, I assumed that alcohol abuse was not prevalent among college athletes, outside of the occasional partying that normal college students partake in as well. But according to LifestylesRead MoreWho Is The Quarterback?1478 Words   |  6 Pagesgame on Thursday to go to state and had the first round game on Saturday and were predicted to win. His class decided to have a bonfire to celebrate at his friend’s house after the win on Thursday. Everyone was there and having a good time when the alcohol came out. Tim and his football friends decided to drink to celebrate. He drank some beers and had drank out of a bottle of vodka that was being passed around. It was about one in the morning when he decided to drive home when he was drunk. He decidedRead MoreShould Col lege Athletes Be Paid?1250 Words   |  5 PagesCenturies ago in the 1770s the first sport known as cricket originated in England. As time passed by more sports began originating in England such as football and basketball. These sports became very popular worldwide and were incorporated in Universities as extra-curricular activities. As more students started playing some students demonstrated more talent than others. One of the sports students played was football which in the United States college football became a national obsession. More peopleRead MoreHealth And Performance Effects Of Alcohol Use By Intercollegiate / Varsity Athletes1232 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the health and performance effects of alcohol use by intercollegiate / Varsity athletes? Alcohol is the most commonly used recreational drug globally and its consumption, often in large volume, is deeply embedded in many aspects of Western society . It is used by members of all societies in countries around the world, either consumed moderately or in excess. University is a place in one’s life when those who have just finished secondary school go to experience a higher quality of educationRead MoreDoping, Athletes and Sports Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesor drug) to improve ones performance. This definition can be applied in a variety of situations, from college students drinking coffee in order to stay awake to athletes who take steroids to make them stronger. The problem with doping is where one draws the line. The drugs used in doping often have detrimental effects to ones health, both mental and physical. In the short run these drugs improve ones performance, but in the long run they can kill. Turning sports into a way of life insteadRead MoreAlcohol Consumption Among Athletes and Non-Athletes Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesAlcohol Consumption Among Athletes and Non-Athletes On college campuses, the consumption of alcohol amongst undergraduate college students continues to be a maladaptive college health behavior. The recreational use of alcohol effects the student population and the health of the students who excessively drink alcohol. The issue caused many research studies to focus on the effect of alcohol consumption based on being an athlete and non-athlete. This study is important because it provides college campuses

Effect of Temperature on Permeability of Membrane Free Essays

The beet (Beta vulgar’s) is a plant in the Chenopodiaceae family. It is best known in its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is probably the red or urple root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet. However, other cultivated varieties include the leaf vegetables chardand spinach beet, as well as the root vegetables sugar beet, which is important in the production of table sugar, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Permeability of Membrane or any similar topic only for you Order Now Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivated varieties fall into the subspecies Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgar’s, while Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, commonly known as the sea beet, is the wild ancestor of hese and is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Near East, andlndia. A second wild subspecies, Beta vulgaris subsp. adanensis, occurs from Greece to Syria. Beetroot cells like any other eukaryotic cells have many types of cell organelle present. Some of these organelles are bounded by a single membrane, e. g. lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles; some are bounded by two membranes (an envelope), e. g. nucleus, mitochondrion. Beetroot appears as a dark red/ purple colour and this is caused by the betalain pigment, which is contained ithin the vacuole of beetroot cells. In order for the betalain to leave the cell it needs to pass through 2 different membranes; the membrane bounding the vacuole and the membrane enclosing the cell. Betalain pigments, named after the Red beet (Beta vulgaris). They replace anthocyanins in plants of the order Caryophyllales (Cacti, beets Co. , bougainvillaea, phytolacca, large-flowered purslane etc and also in some fungi such as fly agaric). Two categories of betalains exist and each have distinct color and chemical properties. Betacyanins convey a blue-violent to reddish-purple coloring, are a source of antioxidants and are susceptible to color changes depending antioxidants and are relatively stable. Betalains are found exclusively within one plant order, which includes beets, prickly pear cactus, chard and amaranth. Betanin is a specific betacyanin and the most prominent pigment in the red beet root where it contributes between 75% – 90% of the total visible color. Plasma membrane Plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells rom the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively-permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, which are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signaling. The plasma membrane also serves as the attachment surface for the extracellular glycocalyx and cell wall and intracellular cytoskeleton. Plasma membrane proteins function in several different ways. How to cite Effect of Temperature on Permeability of Membrane, Papers

Urban Consolidation

Definition of Urban Consolidation Accesses to transport services, land prices as well as distribution of employment are among the factors that determine the people’s choice of residential areas. Urban consolidation has always been seen as a means of reducing the quantity of land needed to constructed houses for the urban population. The main aim of urban consolidation is to reduce infringements in terms of urban developments in cities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Consolidation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban Consolidation refers to a various sets of planning policies which are meant to maximize the use of the present urban infrastructure through encouraging development of buildings and infrastructures in the urbanized areas so as to limit urban sprawl (Smith 1997, 1). It entails building more houses in the existing urbanized zones so that to intensify the usage of the available social faci lities and utilities so that to minimize environmental degradation on those places (Smith 1997, 1). Economic and social reasons usually form the basis for need for developing the residential areas in the outskirts of metropolitans. Urban consolidation can be achieved under three models. The first one is the market-led consolidation that entails redevelopment of the existing suburban zones. It also entails development of the non-residential areas by buildings more houses than those that are already established in higher density zones as compare to the urban standard. The other approach is the transit-oriented development which involves mixed-used buildings in high-density residential in activity centers. The final approach requires that new developments on periphery of the metropolitan areas be at higher average than the existing averages for the urban areas (Smith 1997). Social Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation gives residents a wider range of housing options to su it their unique needs as well as different households. It therefore allows residents to move through an array of housing types as situations of their households change. Besides, it may also help to achieve a more sociable as well as cooperative society. Urban consolidation also helps in providing better quality and plentiful housing closer to people’s workplaces. Urban consolidation is associated with good infrastructures that greatly enhance communication. When buildings are concentrated in one place, it becomes easier for the government to provide the residence with appropriate infrastructure and sewage system than when house are scattered everywhere (Bishop Syme 1981, 235).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation Consolidation may be limited without redevelopments in that vacant buildings could occur on empty land before the need to redevelop the area is realized. Potential residential areas which have no current residents could lead to dislocation in the town. Besides, if persistent inconveniencies exist on the population that resides in the area to an extent that they can no longer tolerate, they may be forced to migrate. However, the problem arises when there is no place for temporary resettlement while redevelopments are ongoing. Again, delay in state-provided services like hospitals and schools may cause public complaints which are normally directed at the local government especially when there is no platform for addressing the issues. General high costs of living in the areas considered to be green-field development that result from urban consolidation may cause those of low socio-economic status to migrate to slums thereby leading to expansion of the slum areas. It should be noted that population growth and levels of employment are always not equitable. The rate of population will always surpass the rate of employment creation. Slums as usual, are bound to come with increase in social crimes in urban centers. According to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) urban consolidation may lead to concentration of social disadvantages and could also undermine social cohesion especially in situations where the urban planners have failed to properly manage urban consolidation thereby compromising residential amenity. Again there is the possibility of losing public open space due to high concentration of buildings. Creation of compact cities also discourages owner occupancy. Since the government aspires to maximize the existing urbanized area, there is no space for building single homes as the government aims to enable efficient use of the existing services and land. Those who would want to live in the suburban areas are limited by the provisions of the laws governing urban consolidation (Bishop Syme 1981, 231). Economic Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation enhances the efficient use of the existing infrastructure especially in situations where there is surplus capacity of the infrastructure or in situations where the infrastructure is old and needs replacement. This enables the government achieve economies of scale. Old industrial sites and buildings as well as non-residential areas that exist in urban centers can be redeveloped into new residential areas. It allows for subdivision of corner blocks thereby permitting dual occupancy development and a range of residential accommodation both in the residential and business zones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Consolidation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban consolidation can help minimize the capital expenditure costs that are incurred in developing urban infrastructure as it leads to efficient use of the existing infrastructure and land. Reduced space for developments as well as decreased travel times that result from urban consol idation leads to energy and economic savings. This implies that urban consolidation has the capacity to minimize lost time on productivity. The high density population which is created by urban consolidation results to efficient use of the available transport (Smith 1997, 4). Urban consolidation also helps control urban expansion into the rural areas, thus protecting recreation, heritage as well as tourism resources. This enables the country to conserve its sources of revenue. Economic Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation Consolidation policies are usually adopted at the expense of potential new gree- field development areas leading to an increase on property prices in the redeveloped areas. Again, demand for business district properties would rise due to urban consolidation leading to increased values of office buildings. This would in turn increase the rental payments for corporations and individuals. Thus, not many people would be able to afford to pay the cost for occupying the new houses leading to development of slums. Generally, people would always want to minimize their expenses but live comfortably. Some people would therefore be forced to look for residential areas in other parts of the urban centre. According to Smith (1997, 4) economic savings tend to be more intuitive than real as most people tend to perceive the cost of maintaining as well as upgrading the inner city infrastructure to be very expensive. Environmental Benefits of Urban Consolidation Urban consolidation enables planning which reduces the impacts of urban developments on the sensitive ecological systems. Planning urban developments helps control unplanned urban expansion thereby reducing air pollution that result from such situations (Smith 1997, 3). Urban consolidation is founded on the idea that compact urban centres tend to use less fossil fuels and as such, emit lower greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. According to Woodburn (2005, 16) urban consolidation helps reduce fuel con sumption thereby lowering pollution as it enhances the use of more environmentally-sensitive vehicles. It also enables the government to consider introducing alternative forms of truck haulage into the urban centre. Besides, the government is able to develop environmental and social policies which can be easier to implement in consolidation centres (Woodburn 2005, 16).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Planning through urban consolidation enables conservation of agricultural land as well as water catchment areas. Urban consolidation allows for the creation of greenspaces which help protect the habitats as well as to preserve biodiversity (Byrne Sipe 2010, 9). Industries’ capacities to respond to environmental regulations are also enhanced. Infrastructure for directing effluents from the industry is well developed and hence industries find it easier to comply with the rules. Disadvantages of Urban Consolidation on the Environment High population density created by urban consolidation may increase pressure on the existing and already environmentally sensitive land thereby increasing susceptibility to negative environmental influences (Craig 1989, 46). Besides, state as well as regional environmental plans may conflict with the local environmental plan as the two levels pursue different environmental objectives. Consolidating houses on one place is likely to increase pollutio ns in that area. This is because of an increase in activities. For instance, it is likely that the rate of pollutions in such an area will amplify due to an increase of pollutions from the exhaust fumes from motor vehicles. Consolidating Australian Cities Smith (1997, 1) states that Australia’s population has significantly increased. Sydney alone requires about 520,000 more new housing units to sustain its population’s needs from the period of 1991 to 2021 (Smith 1997, 1). This has prompted the Australian government to respond to these projections by adopting urban consolidation policies. The government repealed state government policies governing the urban consolidation in 1995, therefore making urban consolidation in Australian cities more feasible as compared to the past. Councils were given the opportunity to develop policies and goals that would meet the requirements of urban consolidation and that were in line with the vision of the government (Smith 1997). These policies were integrated with the State Environmental Planning Policy and the Metropolitan Residential Development. Earlier on, attempts by the government to allow for the development of medium density housing in 1982 had been met by strong opposition from the general public as they felt that councils were likely to pursue their own initiatives (Smith 1997, 7). These steps that have been taken by the government make urban consolidation in Australian cities feasible. In Sydney, urban consolidation was gazetted in 1991 leading to the zoning of non-residential sites that were no longer used for their original purposes. This facilitated the redevelopment of these areas into medium density housing (Smith 1997, 8). According to Glazerbrook and Rickwood (2009, 1) previous researches have indicated high population density, shifts in travel behaviors as well as a mix of land use in Australian cities which call for the need for alternative urban planning policies which would enhance higher d ensity development particularly in areas such as public transport nodes. However, such policies have not received equivocal support from the general public. Urban consolidation in Australian urban cities could be motivated by the high population densities in the cities, geographic constraints caused by the city shapes as well as transport infrastructure, the cultural and economic practices in the respective cities and the cities’ populace wealth. According to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) Australian cities have transformed in the recent years to ensure that the built environments achieve environmental sustainability as they adapt to the changing demographic trends. Australian city planners and decision makers are focused on protecting green-fields. They are therefore directing the growth of urban centres away from the green-field sites which occur at the metropolitan fringe to the already existing developed environments, thus increasing the population density in those areas. Accor ding to Byrne and Sipe (2010, 1) some stakeholders argue that densification and the associated population increase in urban open spaces as well as green spaces may pose challenges that are beyond the capacity of the Australian planning systems. Urban consolidation could be feasible in Australian cities as most stakeholders including the political class are of the view that urban consolidation would offer opportunities for enhancing and interconnecting public spaces. This would enable improve the provision of social amenities within urban areas. Most cities in Australia such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane among others which are have adopted urban consolidation are either aiming to improve service delivery to citizens, protecting the nearby rivers or rivers passing through the urban centres, protecting the existing parks around the urban centres, facilitating and enhancing active recreation as well as healthy lifestyles among others. Australia is a home for heritage tourism and relies heavily on tourism and therefore protecting its heritage remains a key factor in the development of its urban centres (Byrne Sipe 2010, 1). In the wake of increasing need for more houses in the 21st century, the Australian government is coming up with better urban consolidation strategy. These include; increasing compact cities using less urban land as well as existing infrastructure; expanding the cities within linear corridors; redeveloping the public transport as well as controlling urban expansion into the rural areas. This will greatly enhance the housing process in the country (Smith 1997, 9). Reference List Bishop, B., J., Syme, G. J., 1981, The social costs and benefits of urban consolidation: A time budget/contingent valuation approach. Journal of Economic Psychology, 16(2): 233-245. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Byrne, J., Sipe, N., 2010, Green and open space planning for urban consolidation: A review of the literature and best practice. Urban Research Program, Issue Paper 11. Brisbane: Griffith University. pp. 1-9. Web. Craig, B., 1989, Health costs and benefits of urban consolidation versus suburban expansion in Adelaide: A literature review. Canberra: The National Library of Australia. P. 46. Glazerbrook, G., Rickwood, P., 2009. Urban structures and commuting in Australian cities. Urban Policy and Research, 00(0): 1-18. New York: Routledge. Smith, S., 1997, Urban consolidation: Current developments. Briefing Paper No. 23/97. Parliament of New South Wales. New South West Parliamentary Library. pp. 1-9. Web. Woodburn, A., 2005, Overview of consolidation centres for urban and specialist use. BESTUFS II – First Workshop (January 13-14 2005). University of Westminster. P. 16. This essay on Urban Consolidation was written and submitted by user Debr11 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.